*Please answer ALL parts of the question...Thank you!!!

Analyze the soccer kick. For each phase of the skill include:

• Range of motion needed to perform task at each joint.
• Movement and plane of motion at each joint.
• Muscles acting as agonists, antagonists, and stabilizers at each joint and type of muscle contraction.
• What may happen if any of the major muscles are weak or are not contracting correctly?

*Please answer all parts of the question. Thank you!

Would you be able to kinematically analyze the entire body during a volleyball attack/spike? Could you provide the phases and within each phase, could you provide the plane of motion, axis of rotation(s), joints involved, joint type, muscle action, and muscle contraction type?

A patient comes into the ER after she was attacked. She is experiencing difficulty breathing after she was stabbed in the thorax. Scans show fluid in the thoracic cavity through a lesion in the lung; in short, a hemopneumothorax. Explain the pressure gradients that would allow air and blood to enter the thoracic cavity in the first place. What will happen to this patient without medical intervention? Explain each step of her imminent demise.

Describe three features of sensory processing that occur at the receptor level where a sensation is first detected. How is information about the stimulus coded before it is passed into the CNS?

1.ICP readings for a patient with a CVA would be Select

A.high

B.low

C.normal

2.

3.

4.A secondary brain tumor typically BLANK

A.originates in the brain

B.is always benign

C.originates outside of the brain

5.A drug to treat the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease is BLANK

A.Cafergot

B.Neurpro

C.Compazine

1. Compare resting HR. What contributes to the slightly higher resting HR in the older individual?
2. Compare the rate of increase in the HR with increasing workloads. What accounts for the reduced slope in the older individual?
3. What are the three things that account for resistance in vessels?
4. What part of the circulation is involved in oxygenated blood?

What is the functional difference between ventricular hypertrophy due to exercise and hypertrophy due to congestive heart failure?

Colon cancer is something that may be difficult to detect without the use of tests such as a colonoscopy unless the cancer is advanced and homeostasis has clearly been altered. What is an explanation for why it may be difficult to detect without screening?

Describe the pathway/function that is tested with physical exam of deep tendon reflexes, including the location and role of the interneuron

Qn 5. The cellular structure that is directly responsible for maintaining cell shape as well as contributing to cell movement is                                                                            . (1 mark)

1. Ribosomes
2. Golgi apparatus
3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
4. Microfilaments and microtubules

Qn 6. In bone, calcium phosphate and the extracellular matrix rich in glycosaminoglycans are secreted by                                                                 (1 mark)

1. Osteoblasts
2. Chondrocytes
3. Fibroblasts
4. Osteoclasts

Qn 11. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT (FALSE) in regard to bone tissue? (1 mark)

1. Bone tissue may store and release calcium depending on the metabolic status of the animal
2. Osteocytes compact and spongy bone are biologically viable cells
3. Deposition of calcium salts into bone tissue is a function of osteoblasts
4. Mobilization of bone calcium is mediated by osteoblasts

Give the name of cranial nerve X and one of its functions.

Give the name and number of a cranial nerve - other than I, II, VIII, or X - and state one of its functions.

Describe in detail the process of synaptic transmission. Start with the arrival of an action potential at a knob.  Include details regarding an IPSP and an EPSP example in the postsynaptic neuron. Also include clearing the synaptic cleft (gap). Use the back of this page as needed.  You may use drawings and words.

54-58

1. The vestibulospinal tract:
   1. connects the vestibular region to the spinal cord
   2. is a descending tract
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

2. Gonadotrophs:
   1. are found in the pituitary gland
   2. are hormones released by the testicles (and/or ovaries)
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

3. The pancreas releases:
   1. glycogen, which leads to the liver converting glucagon into glucose for use
   2. insulin, which binds to receptors, causing an increase of glucose transporters in cell membranes
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

4. “Down regulation”:
   1. can occur after hormones have been caught by receptors
   2. does not exist – “up regulation” exists
   3. refers to diffusion when hormones move from an area of high to low concentration
   4. none of the above is correct

5. Parathyroid hormone:
   1. leads to osteoclasts digesting bone tissue
   2. is released in response to low blood Ca²⁺ levels
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

500 words that compares and contrasts the CELLULAR FUNCTION of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle (a type of skeletal muscle)

​​​​​​​20-25

1. Blocking sodium ion channels in a pain sensory neuron would likely:
   1. increase the pain a person was experiencing
   2. increase the amount of neurotransmitter released at the synapse
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

2. Arachnoid mater is:
   1. deep to pia mater
   2. superficial to dura mater
   3. part of the meninges
   4. none of the above is correct

3. A branching network of nerves is called a:
   1. plexus
   2. synapse
   3. ganglion
   4. reflex arc

4. Dermatomes are:
   1. particular areas of skin supplied by spinal nerves
   2. the common name for somatosensory pili
   3. overgrowths of basal cells in the epidermis
   4. the anatomical term for corpuscles of light touch

5. The dorsal root ganglia:
   1. have sensory neurons
   2. have motor neurons
   3. have interneurons
   4. each of the above is correct

6. Motor neurons:
   1. send signals directly to glands (like sweat glands)
   2. receive neurotransmitters that bind and cause IPSPs or EPSPs
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

26-31

1. A reflex arc:
   1. includes a sensory neuron
   2. includes a motor neuron
   3. does not involve the brain
   4. each of the above is correct

2. The patellar tendon reflex (as done in class):
   1. involves a stretch receptor in the quadriceps
   2. involves an inhibitory response in the biceps femoris
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

3. Cranial Nerve VIII is the:
   1. vestibulocochlear nerve
   2. spinal accessory nerve
   3. abducens nerve
   4. facial nerve

4. The precentral gyrus:
   1. sends motor signals to the arms and thighs
   2. receives sensory signals from the face and forehead
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

5. The cerebrum includes regions that interpret action potentials related to:
   1. movement of limbs
   2. vision
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

6. The parasympathetic nervous system is involved in:
   1. digestion
   2. heart rate
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct