What is the functional difference between ventricular hypertrophy due to exercise and hypertrophy due to congestive heart failure?

Colon cancer is something that may be difficult to detect without the use of tests such as a colonoscopy unless the cancer is advanced and homeostasis has clearly been altered. What is an explanation for why it may be difficult to detect without screening?

Describe the pathway/function that is tested with physical exam of deep tendon reflexes, including the location and role of the interneuron

Qn 5. The cellular structure that is directly responsible for maintaining cell shape as well as contributing to cell movement is                                                                            . (1 mark)

1. Ribosomes
2. Golgi apparatus
3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
4. Microfilaments and microtubules

Qn 6. In bone, calcium phosphate and the extracellular matrix rich in glycosaminoglycans are secreted by                                                                 (1 mark)

1. Osteoblasts
2. Chondrocytes
3. Fibroblasts
4. Osteoclasts

Qn 11. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT (FALSE) in regard to bone tissue? (1 mark)

1. Bone tissue may store and release calcium depending on the metabolic status of the animal
2. Osteocytes compact and spongy bone are biologically viable cells
3. Deposition of calcium salts into bone tissue is a function of osteoblasts
4. Mobilization of bone calcium is mediated by osteoblasts

Give the name of cranial nerve X and one of its functions.

Give the name and number of a cranial nerve - other than I, II, VIII, or X - and state one of its functions.

Describe in detail the process of synaptic transmission. Start with the arrival of an action potential at a knob.  Include details regarding an IPSP and an EPSP example in the postsynaptic neuron. Also include clearing the synaptic cleft (gap). Use the back of this page as needed.  You may use drawings and words.

54-58

1. The vestibulospinal tract:
   1. connects the vestibular region to the spinal cord
   2. is a descending tract
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

2. Gonadotrophs:
   1. are found in the pituitary gland
   2. are hormones released by the testicles (and/or ovaries)
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

3. The pancreas releases:
   1. glycogen, which leads to the liver converting glucagon into glucose for use
   2. insulin, which binds to receptors, causing an increase of glucose transporters in cell membranes
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

4. “Down regulation”:
   1. can occur after hormones have been caught by receptors
   2. does not exist – “up regulation” exists
   3. refers to diffusion when hormones move from an area of high to low concentration
   4. none of the above is correct

5. Parathyroid hormone:
   1. leads to osteoclasts digesting bone tissue
   2. is released in response to low blood Ca²⁺ levels
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

500 words that compares and contrasts the CELLULAR FUNCTION of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle (a type of skeletal muscle)

​​​​​​​20-25

1. Blocking sodium ion channels in a pain sensory neuron would likely:
   1. increase the pain a person was experiencing
   2. increase the amount of neurotransmitter released at the synapse
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

2. Arachnoid mater is:
   1. deep to pia mater
   2. superficial to dura mater
   3. part of the meninges
   4. none of the above is correct

3. A branching network of nerves is called a:
   1. plexus
   2. synapse
   3. ganglion
   4. reflex arc

4. Dermatomes are:
   1. particular areas of skin supplied by spinal nerves
   2. the common name for somatosensory pili
   3. overgrowths of basal cells in the epidermis
   4. the anatomical term for corpuscles of light touch

5. The dorsal root ganglia:
   1. have sensory neurons
   2. have motor neurons
   3. have interneurons
   4. each of the above is correct

6. Motor neurons:
   1. send signals directly to glands (like sweat glands)
   2. receive neurotransmitters that bind and cause IPSPs or EPSPs
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

26-31

1. A reflex arc:
   1. includes a sensory neuron
   2. includes a motor neuron
   3. does not involve the brain
   4. each of the above is correct

2. The patellar tendon reflex (as done in class):
   1. involves a stretch receptor in the quadriceps
   2. involves an inhibitory response in the biceps femoris
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

3. Cranial Nerve VIII is the:
   1. vestibulocochlear nerve
   2. spinal accessory nerve
   3. abducens nerve
   4. facial nerve

4. The precentral gyrus:
   1. sends motor signals to the arms and thighs
   2. receives sensory signals from the face and forehead
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

5. The cerebrum includes regions that interpret action potentials related to:
   1. movement of limbs
   2. vision
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

6. The parasympathetic nervous system is involved in:
   1. digestion
   2. heart rate
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

Describe the descending motor pathways from primary motor cortex to (but not including) muscles and the functional or behavioral distinctions of those pathways.

Describe the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators involved in arousal and sleep, where the come from in the brain, where they project to in the brain, and what they do.

Somatosensation is more than one thing. How many sub-senses are there in the sense of touch (not including temperature, kinesthesia and proprioception)? What are the receptors for each of these and what are the distinguishing characteristics of each receptor or channel?

a 68 year old Male presents to the e m.j Regency department with complainants of a 2- day history of difficulty breathing, cough, a d chest pain. Upon triage assessment, the patient is found to have a fever, increased work of breathing, decreased oxygen saturation, and crackers upon asculation of the lungs. A chest x ray reveals considation in the right upper ly g field. The patient is diagnosed with pneumonia, initiated on oxygen therapy, and admitted for observation and treatment. As The RN, you document t the care and assessment of the patient in the chart prior to transfer to an inpatient unit. what is the most appropriate term for the clinical manifestation of disease as reported by the patient?

• Why is the chimp different from the human brain case (the part of the skull containing the brain)?
• How is the chimp different from the human in terms of the teeth?
• How is the chimp different from the human in terms of the face, including the jaws?
• What similarities do you see in the skull anatomy, if any, between humans and the chimp's?