14. How does Coronavirus infect the lung tissue?

A. The S-spike protein binds to Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 on Type 2 alveolar cells, leading to its destruction, a reduction in surfactant and Coronavirus replication .

B. The S-spike protein binds to Angiotensinogen on Type 2 alveolar cells, leading to its destruction, a reduction in surfactant and Coronavirus replication .

C. The S-spike protein binds to Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 on Type 1 alveolar cells, leading to its destruction, a reduction in surfactant and Coronavirus replication .

D. The S-spike protein binds to Angiotensinogen on Type 1 alveolar cells, leading to its destruction, a reduction in surfactant and Coronavirus replication .

17. Bacteria found in our colon has the following roles EXCEPT:

A. Metaboloze undigested food, causing Gas

B. Production of Vitamin K

C. Production of Bile

D. Microbial Antagonism

3. What is the most likely reason COVID-19 patients experience a fever?

A. Cytokines released from alveolar macrophages travel through the bloodstream to the hypothalamus , which increases body temperature.

B. Coronavirus enters the CNS and activates the medulla, which increases body temperature.

C. Coronavirus enters the CNS and activates the hypothalamus, which increases body temperature.

D. Cytokines released from alveolar macrophages travel through the bloodstream to the medulla , which increases body temperature.

5. Which is correct about the contraction sequence of the heart?

A. The atria and ventricles begin their contractions at the exact same time, but the atrial contraction only lasts half as long as the ventricle contraction.

B. The right atrium and ventricle contract at the same time, and as they are relaxing, the left atrium and left ventricle begin to contract.

C. Contraction begins in the order: right atrium, then right ventricle, then left atrium, then left ventricle.

D. The two atria contract at the same time, and as they are relaxing, the two ventricles contract together.

E. The contraction and relaxation of all four chambers happen at the same time.

18. Regarding the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, a patient suffering from a fever would have a hemoglobin saturation curve shifted to the of a normal hemoglobin curve as an increase in temperature causes affinity for oxygen. a. left // higher b. left // lower c. right // higher. d. right // lower. e. None of these—temperature does not affect hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.

how does a decubitus ulcer develop and why is it a serious condition?

Nervous System:

Match each item to the correct statement below.

1. homeostasis
2. somatic system
3. nervous system
4. sympathetic nervous system
5. endocrine system
6. negative feedback system
7. excretory system
8. parasympathetic nervous system
9. positive feedback system
10. autonomic system

1. way in which the body works to reverse a change and bring about normalcy ________
2. way in which the body works to increase changes ________
3. division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary secretions and smooth muscles ______
4. division of the autonomic nervous system typically activated in stress-related situations ______
5. division of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement ______

Match each item to the correct statement below.

1. central nervous system
2. resting membrane potential
3. neurons
4. sodium-potassium pump
5. peripheral nervous system
6. cell
7. polarization
8. myelin sheath
9. reflex arc
10. action potential

6. a form of potential energy across a cell membrane under no stimulus________
7. basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system________
8. connection of neurons that results in an instant action in response to a stimulus________
9. network of nerves that carry sensory messages to the central nervous system________
10. the movement of an electrical impulse along the membrane of an axon________
11. the process of generating a resting membrane potential of -70 mV________
12. system involving a carrier protein that uses ATP to transport sodium ions out and potassium ions into cells________
13. fatty insulating layer around the axons of some nerve cells________
14. network of nerves that includes the brain and spinal cord________

How does training impact O2 deficit and EPOC?

20. Indicate the order of motor unit recruitment based on muscle types (I, IIa, IIx) for the following tasks completed by an average healthy individual.

23. The following information is taken from an individual’s respiratory results:

Age = 61

Height = 1.7m

Weight = 75kg

Tidal Volume = 400mL

Breathing Frequency = 17breaths/min

Medical Conditions = Asthma, Diabetes

a) What is the individual’s pulmonary ventilation? Show work.

b) How would the individual’s medical condition/s effect their respiratory system?

17. The following results belong to a patient who visited his cardiologist:

Systolic Blood Pressure: 127

Diastolic Blood Pressure: 99

Heart Rate: 105bpm

Stroke Volume: 0.07L

Answer the following based on the information provided (show your work and use appropriate units):

1. What is the patient’s cardiac output in mL/min?
2. What is the patient’s mean arterial pressure?
3. Is the patient hypertensive? If so to what degree?
4. How would you classify the patient’s heart rate?

18. The following results belong to a patient who visited his cardiologist:

Systolic Blood Pressure: 119

Diastolic Blood Pressure: 78

Heart Rate: 55 bpm

Stroke Volume: 0.065L

Answer the following based on the information provided (show your work and use appropriate units):

1. What is the patient’s cardiac output in mL/min?
2. What is the patient’s mean arterial pressure?
3. Is the patient hypertensive? If so to what degree?
4. How would you classify the patient’s heart rate?

What is steady state exercise?

Perception of Right Visual Field

Consider a situation in which an object is visible in your right visual field (to the right of "straight ahead").

• Light from this object will stimulate receptor cells in the  (right or left) half of each retina.
• The impulses from this area of the retina travel via visual pathways to the visual cortex of the  (right or left) occipital lobe.
• Thus, information regarding your right visual field is perceived by your  (right or left) visual cortex.

1. The toothpick poking activity in lab:
   1. measured adaptation as more nerve endings became involved with two toothpicks
   2. showed a lower density of nerve endings near the base of the finger compared to the tip
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

2. The perceptions of temperature and pressure:
   1. depend on different sensory endings (temperature endings not same as pressure endings)
   2. are subject to the effects of adaptation
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

3. Rods:
   1. release an excitatory neurotransmitter, which stimulates “seeing” (light)
   2. release less neurotransmitter in the light than when in the dark
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

4. The spinothalamic tract:
   1. is a motor tract
   2. connects the spinal cord to the thalamus
   3. both a. and b. are correct
   4. neither a. nor b. is correct

Summarize the material covered in today’s lab. Name and describe each of the phases of the cardiac cycle. Be sure to include the events that occur during each phase. Focus on the mechanical events (contraction and relaxation) of the chambers, the pressure changes in the heart, the position of the valves, and the heart sounds. Be sure to explain what causes each of the events you describe.