List the five survival needs of humans. Why is each of these needed? What happens when this need is not met?

What are the muscle fiber types, contraction types, and the energy sources utilized by muscle fibers?

[How could Lobelia inflata be effective in treating a problem with the neuromuscular junction? Provide a mechanism of action given what you know about this herb.] .

Which of the following is not thought to be associated with edema in hepatic failure patients?

Question 69 options:

In heart failure, dyspnea often develops when the person has been lying down for several hours. This is because assumption of the supine position causes what?

Question 66 options:

Cholesterol involved in atherosclerosis is taken up by which of the following pathways?

Question 61 options:

1. Anna is a 52-year old female, who is 5’4”, and weights 130lbs. You tested Anna’s 1-mile outdoor walk, and determined she was able to complete 1-mile in 12:45, with a post-walk HR of 147 bpm. What are each of the following:
   1. Absolute VO₂ max
   2. Relative VO₂ max
   3. Absolute and Relative VO₂ at 70%
   4. MET level at 70%
   5. Calorie expenditure per minute at 70%

Urinary stystem

-WHICH TYPE OF NITROGENOUS WASTE – UREA, AMMONIA OR URIC ACID – IS EXCRETED BY THE PIG’S KIDNEY?

-WHAT IS THE NAME OF THIS STRESS RESPONSE HORMONE THAT IS PRODUCED BY YOUR ADRENAL GLANDS?

-NAME THREE THINGS THAT LIKELY HAVE A DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION IN THE BLOOD COMING INTO THE KIDNEY VIA THE ARTERIES, AS COMPARED TO LEAVING THE KIDNEY VIA THE VEINS.

-HOW DOES THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE FEMALE PIG’S URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS DIFFER FROM THE HUMAN FEMALE’S AS THEY EXIT THE BODY?

Reproductive system

-WHAT ADVANTAGE DOES THIS LARGE Y-SHAPED UTERUS PROVIDE THE FEMALE PIG?

-IS THE OVARY DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO THE UTERINE TUBE/OVIDUCT?

Arteries of lower trunk

-WHAT ARE THE STRUCTURES THAT THE RENAL ARTERIES ARE SUPPLYING BLOOD TO?

-ARE THE DEEP ARTERY OF THE THIGH AND THE FEMORAL ARTERY IN THE PIG SIMILAR OR DIFFERENT TO THOSE IN YOU LEG?

-ARE THE UMBILICAL ARTERIES CARRYING BLOOD FROM FETUS TO PLACENTA, OR FROM PLACENTA TO FETUS?
-BASED ON YOUR ANSWER ABOVE, IS THE BLOOD IN THE UMBILICAL ARTERIES OXYGEN-RICH OR OXYGEN POOR?
-FINALLY, WHAT HAPPENS TO THE UMBILICAL ARTERIES AFTER BIRTH?

Frances is an 82-year-old woman who suffers from macular degeneration, osteoporosis, and arthritis. Since her husband died a year ago, she has moved from their family home to a small one-bedroom apartment. Her eyesight is progressively getting worse, making it diffucult to go to the grocery store or even to cook (for fear of burning herself). She is often lonely; her only son lives an hour away and works two jobs, but he visits her as often as he can. Frances has lost her appetite and, as a result, often skips meals during the week. She has resorted to eating mostly cold foods. These are simple to prepare but seriously limit the variety and palatability of her diet. Also, she wears dentures and has trouble chewing tough meats and foods with crisp textures. She is slowly losing weight as a result of her eating patterns and loss of appetite. Her typical diet usually consists of a breakfast that may include 1 slice of wheat toast with margarine, honey, and cinnamon, and 1 cup of hot tea. If she has lunch, she normally has a can of peaches, half of a turkey and cheese sandwich, and a glass of water. For dinner, she might have half of a tuna fish sandwich made with mayonnaise and 1 cup of iced tea. She usually includes one or two soft cookies at bedtime. Answer the following questions about dietary assistance for Frances.

What other questions would you ask Frances to get a better sense of her nutrition status?

The graph showing depolarization of every cardiac muscle cell in the body OTHER than SA Node muscle cells has a plateau. Draw that graph from your notes (draw with a pen, please) and then explain why the plateau exists and what effect(s) the plateau has on contraction of the heart musculature. You may hand draw any diagrams you use, but type your explanation. 10 points for a perfect answer.

1. You receive a patient who has been admitted to the hospital after being trapped in the bitter winter cold without adequate warm clothing. Initially, his body vasodilated his peripheral capillary beds to try to keep his arms and legs warm, but ultimately, it shut down blood flow to his extremities to preserve the core temperature of his body. Begin with the increased venous return to his heart, and show me that you understand completely what happened to his heart rate as he lay exposed in the cold. Then explain to me the exact mechanism the body used to alter his heart rate. 20 points for a perfect answer.

5. An athlete experiences a FOOSH mechanism and has radial side wrist pain. You suspect a scaphoid fracture - which fracture test would be ideal for this assessment prior to sending for x-rays?

2. The x-ray comes back negative but the athlete is still in a lot of pain. How will you manage the injury in the short term and why?

3. What is the risk if this injury isn’t managed properly? If misdiagnosed, what follow up care is required?  
4. What 3 other injuries might this athlete have suffered with the mechanism? Be specific about the structure and type of injury.

Your patient, who has idiopathic scoliosis with a normal body mass index at the age of 16, has 16 degrees of right thoracic spinning. When choosing the exercises, do not create the program so that the individual can realistically implement it, and do not recommend exercises that include excessive repetition or the same muscle group.

discuss formation, origin, types and consequences of  Microbial involvement in Food-Borne Diseases

1. Describe the process of the development of force and relaxation in smooth muscle.