Why is an elastic aorta important for the velocity in capillaries ?

Describe the differences between Arteries and Veins. Detail the movement of blood and their structural differences. Tell me what are 3 causes of high blood pressure and then tell me how this can cause other health related issues in our bodies physiologically. What would you tell your friend or family member if they had high blood pressure to help them understand why they needed to change their behavior?

Compare and contrast 2 types of joints in the skeletal system (i.e. ginglymus versus ball-and-socket: how does each one move, where are they found, etc).

Define and discuss a pathology involving each of your choices (i.e. arthritis, fracture, etc).

Briefly give an example - personal, professional, or from a published source - of a patient case for each of the pathologies.

Classify leukocytes according to their lineage, their main structural features, and their primary functions

1.According to your group data, how does NaCl and/or water intake influence urine production?

These are the data:

we explore how consuming various amounts of water and electrolytes cause changes in urine volume produced, urine sodium concentration, and urine osmolarity. In the following groups, urine is collected at 30 minute intervals: In response to drinking 1L of water. In response to eating pretzels containing 1g of NaCl. In response to drinking 1L of water and eating pretzels containing 1g of NaCl.

2. Explain the relation between osmolarity and sodium chloride concentration.

3. Predict the osmolarity of a 0.05 M solution of MgCl2.

1. Digestion & Absorption

   1. Identify the enzymes that work to chemically digest each of the three macronutrients present in a well- balanced diet.

      1. Name the enzymes.

      2. What cells or organs produce them?

      3. Where they are first present in the alimentary canal?

   2. For each macronutrient in (a), what type of vessel does the digested product get absorbed into?

1. Metabolism. The body is able to readily burn glucose and lipids as fuel, but which source it uses depends on many factors.

   1. Identify the multiple chemical reactions that occur to create energy from carbohydrates (glucose).

   2. How does an excess of glucose cause an increase in the amount of fat present in the body? Be specific!

   3. What chemical reactions are required to turn triglycerides into energy?

You just ate a piece of corn on the cob, which is basically carbohydrates and undigestible material. Now you are going to describe what happens to that food until it exits the body by indicating digestive processes and the structures that make it happen.

List the physical pathway from the mouth to the the point it leaves the body, that form the GI tract, include valves.

What are the accessory structures located along the pathway?

What are the digestive processes that occur at each point along the pathway?

Describe the blood testis barrier: what it is made of? what does it separate? what it's for? Describe the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) feedback loop at puberty for either male or female.

Describe the steps of an action potential and synapse. Include the role of myelin.

What is the term used to describe the ‘internal organs’ of a human cell and which parts of the human cell are considered as its internal organs.

Trace the pathway of a spermatozoon (sperm cell) using words from a seminiferous tubule of the testes to the external urethral orifice. Describe the differences between a primary, secondary and Graafian follicles. Name the phases of the ovarian cycle including ovulation and indicate the main hormone produced for each one.

In immunology:

1. What do we mean by recognition of self vs. non-self? What specifically does “recognition” mean in this context? What is the molecular nature of this interaction.
2. What is immunological memory? Why does it matter, and what specifically does it allow for that has absolutely saved billions of lives?
3. Why is it useful to have two very different mechanisms of antigen recognition (ie BCR vs TCR)? What problem might be more likely to occur if all Ag were recognized the same way?