You just ate a piece of corn on the cob, which is basically carbohydrates and undigestible material. Now you are going to describe what happens to that food until it exits the body by indicating digestive processes and the structures that make it happen.

List the physical pathway from the mouth to the the point it leaves the body, that form the GI tract, include valves.

What are the accessory structures located along the pathway?

What are the digestive processes that occur at each point along the pathway?

Describe the blood testis barrier: what it is made of? what does it separate? what it's for? Describe the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) feedback loop at puberty for either male or female.

Describe the steps of an action potential and synapse. Include the role of myelin.

What is the term used to describe the ‘internal organs’ of a human cell and which parts of the human cell are considered as its internal organs.

Trace the pathway of a spermatozoon (sperm cell) using words from a seminiferous tubule of the testes to the external urethral orifice. Describe the differences between a primary, secondary and Graafian follicles. Name the phases of the ovarian cycle including ovulation and indicate the main hormone produced for each one.

In immunology:

1. What do we mean by recognition of self vs. non-self? What specifically does “recognition” mean in this context? What is the molecular nature of this interaction.
2. What is immunological memory? Why does it matter, and what specifically does it allow for that has absolutely saved billions of lives?
3. Why is it useful to have two very different mechanisms of antigen recognition (ie BCR vs TCR)? What problem might be more likely to occur if all Ag were recognized the same way?

Examine the relationship between oxygen debt and muscle fatigue and an elevated respiratory rate after exercise.

Explain Henry's law, and describe its importance to gas exchange in the lungs

How does the difference between arterial and venous O₂ content change during exercise compared to rest? What causes this change in the arterial-venous oxygen difference?

Explain Henry's law, and describe its importance to gas exchange in the lungs.

Please discuss (define and explain) cellular growth and development

Discuss what makes each tissue unique and give three specific examples

Discuss three specific tissue types. Give location and function in the human body

Add reference

1. What are the risks and benefits of using recombination to generate new receptors on the developing T and B cells?

2. There is a certain symmetry about B and T cell development. In each case there is a chain that undergoes VJ recombination and one that does V(D)J recombination. Do you have any thoughts about why this might be?

3. When antigen is recognized the system develops Effector and Memory cells. Why do you think we have immunological memory? What is it about human life history (and more generally vertebrates) that makes this important?

4. What are the tradeoffs in vaccine use? How do they change when the prevalence of disease changes?

15. To improve cardiovascular fitness.

A) all the the choices listed are correct

B) aerobic activities should be done at least 3 days/week if vigorous intensity

C) individual can combine moderate and vigorous intensity aerobic activities 3-5days/week

D) aerobic activities should be done at least 5 days/week if moderate intensity.

This information can be found in ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription 10th Edition Direct Textbook.

1. The ovarian ends of the uterine (Fallopian) tubes are covered in finger-like projections, called _______, which draw in an ovulated oocyte towards the uterus.
   1. Fimbriae                                                                      c. Isthmus
   2. Phalanges                                                                   d. Fundus

2. Male reproductive anatomy is derived from pre-existing female reproductive structures in a male fetus; an example of male: female homologous structures would be:
   1. Scrotum: Vagina                                                                       c. Epididymis: Cervix
   2. Glans Penis: Clitoris                                                                 d. Labia: Prostate

3. If a non-pregnant woman began taking high levels of estrogen/progesterone supplemental hormones what notable changes (if any) would occur?
   1. Onset of lactation                                                                     c. Vaginal atrophy
   2. No detectable change                                                            d. Absence of ovulation

4. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the key differences in the physiological process of spermatogenesis & oogenesis is correct?
   1. Spermatogenesis begins during male fetal development
   2. One round of Oogenesis results in the formation of a single viable haploid oocyte
   3. Oogenesis is complete before ovulation occurs
   4. One round of spermatogenesis includes production of 4 diploid sperm (46 chromosomes)

5. Lutenizing hormone (LH) is synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland and is known to stimulate the production of _____________ by the follicular thecal cells of the ovary.
   1. Estrogen                                                                                      c. Androgens
   2. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)                                   d. Testosterone

6. Which of the following structures is NOT part of the supportive connective tissue of the female reproductive system?
   1. Tunica Albunignea                                                                   c. Round Ligament
   2. Tunica Vaginalis                                                                        d. Suspensory Ligament

7. Which of the following structures in NOT found in the fully developed late spermatid cell?
   1. Acrosome/Acid Helmet                                         c. Mitochondria packed mid-piece
   2. Flagellum                                                                     d. Excess cytoplasm/cytosol

1. True or False:            The testes are held in the scrotum, where the tension of the skin & the contractile function of the detrusor muscles can keep the gonads slightly ABOVE normal body temp.
   1. True                                                                               b. False

2. Which of the following statements regarding HPV & cervical cancer is NOT correct?
   1. The Gardasil vaccine prevents infection of ALL types of HPV
   2. The Pap smear test is performed to detect pre-cancerous cells of the cervix
   3. The papillomavirus is a type of onco-virus that can transform healthy cells into cancer
   4. HPV is associated with genital warts

3. Which of the following structures is present in a fully developed Graffian/Antral follicle of the ovary?
   1. Zona pellucida                                                           d. Follicular antrum
   2. Corona Radiata                                                          e. Secondary oocyte
   3. All are present (A, B, D, E)                                     f. None are present (A, B, D, E)

Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried in the blood, and explain the role of hemoglobin.