Question

1. Compare resting HR. What contributes to the slightly higher resting HR in the older individual?
2. Compare the rate of increase in the HR with increasing workloads. What accounts for the reduced slope in the older individual?
3. What are the three things that account for resistance in vessels?
4. What part of the circulation is involved in oxygenated blood?

Answer 1

Heart rate is considered normal if the rate is between 60 and 100 beats per minute. On average, women's resting heart rate tends to be two to seven beats per minute higher than men's, air temperature can influence heart rate but it is not much, may be about 10 beats per minute more. As people age, the heart tends to enlarge slightly, developing thicker walls and slightly larger chambers.this could explain slightly higher resting heartrate.

When the workload increases, heart rate increases This is to satisfy the oxygen requirement of the working muscles to produce ATP and perform the work on the workload. The greater the demand, the faster the heart rate and more oxygen delivery to the needy tissues. During exercise, older people's heart rate does not increase as much as in younger people, this is because.the walls of the arteries and arterioles become thicker, and the space within the arteries expands slightly, elastic tissue within the walls of the arteries and arterioles is lost,.together, these changes make the vessels stiffer and less resilient

Blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter accounts for the resistance in vessels, as vessel diameter decreases, the resistance increases and blood flow decreases.The length of a vessel is directly proportional to its resistance: the longer the vessel, the greater the resistance and the lower the flow,if blood viscosity increases, then the total resistance  will necessarily increase, thereby reducing blood flow, and vice-versa.

Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body. The oxygenated blood is brought back to the heart by the pulmonary veins which enter the left atrium.which is part of pulmonary circulation