Discuss the composition of bone and name 5 type

Add reference

provide a summary of the respiratory system from the perspective of inhaled air. Your description should include:

- An organized progression of travel. What organs does the air travel through? What types of tissues and structures are seen within them? What purposes do those structures serve?

- Orientation of those organs within the body using correct directional and regional terminology. For example - it is not adequate to say that air is inhaled via the nose, you should include a description of where the nose is found and where air will progress (i.e. Air is inhaled via the nares in the facial region, and progresses posterior through the nasal cavity towards the naso-pharynx.)

A neuron can use glucose created from a non-carbohydrate source.  This reaction is termed:

1. glycogenolysis  b) glycogenesis  c) photosynthesis  d) glycolysis  e) none of the above

Which of the following statements is (are) true about epithelial tissue?

      a)  epithelial cells secrete collagen    b)  epithelial tissue functions in absorption

      c)  epithelial tissue has each of the 4 tissue types     d)  epithelial cells are always ciliated

      e)  two of the above are true

Which of the following require “active” transport processes?

1. movement of glucose from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
2. osmosis    c)  simple diffusion       d) a and b         e)  none of the above

A bundle of axons in the central nervous system is called a _________ and a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system is called a ______________

        a) tract; nerve   b) nerve; tract  c) ganglia; nucleus  d) nucleus, ganglia  e) ganglia; nerve

Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?

            a) non competitive inhibitor       b) water   c) another enzyme    d) substrate   e) pro

In the para sympathetic nervous system, the ganglia containing the post ganglionic somas are located ____________.

      a) adjacent to the spinal cord   b) in the CNS   c) near or on the effector organ

      d) in the spino-cerebellar tract     e) none of the above

When Robin kicks a soccer ball, her leg makes contact with the ball by _______ of the knee.  This is an example of a/an __________ contraction of the quadriceps.

       a)  flexion; concentric         b)  flexion; eccentric      c)  extension; eccentric

       d) extension; concentric      e)  flexion; isometric     

Physiology

-Discuss the three metabolic pathways that supply ATP for muscle contraction

-Explain how navigational abilities promote reproductive success. Provide an example.

Mr. Puffy. This gentleman is 65 years old. He has smoked two packs of non-filter cigarettes per day since he was 15 years old. His face is ruddy with a nose like WC Fields. His lips and nose are blue and he is breathing through pursed lips, having trouble evacuating the air from his lungs. He has a barrel chest. The expiratory area of his respiratory center is fully activated. He sips a small glass of port wine and reminisces about the old days.

Questions: What is your understanding of Mr. Puffy’s respiratory diagnosis? Is Mr. Puffy at risk for respiratory or metabolic / alkalosis or acidosis? What is the compensatory mechanism working to rectify his self-induced condition?

Young couple with their first baby. This is their first excursion out of the house with baby. They’ve been unable to sleep because baby is awaking all-night and asleep all day. Baby has been vomiting for the past 2-3 days, unable to keep down clear liquid or formula. Her mother told them not to worry; “spitting up” is normal. They're both exhausted and trying to enjoy their first restaurant dinner together for months. Baby is in her car seat trying to sleep but appears fidgety.

Questions: Is baby at risk for an acid- base imbalance? If so, is it respiratory or metabolic alkalosis or acidosis? What is the compensatory mechanism working to rectify this condition?

Aquarius. She's sitting alone at a table drinking distilled water hoping to be discovered by a famous movie producer. She has the lead role in a small off-Broadway play. Directors in the past have often told her that she should drink a lot of water before a performance to help with her voice quality. Her aesthetician recommends 4-5 liters of pure water per day for her skin hydration. Taking this to heart, she has been drinking at least this much water a day and more. She will only eat protein, no carbohydrates, and takes laxatives to maintain a slender figure. She's also a novice jogger with great determination, putting in at least five miles per day. She rehydrates with pure water only. The only thing she has had to drink today is distilled water.

Questions: Is Aquarius at risk for water intoxication, dehydrated, or in fluid balance? What factors are affecting her body fluid level and which hormones are affected by her lifestyle? Is her fluid volume dropping? If so, which hormones are released to compensate for this loss? Is Aquarius at risk for respiratory or metabolic / alkalosis or acidosis? What is the compensatory mechanism working to rectify her self-induced condition?

Mr. Bud. He is a construction worker that has been working on the Cape Cod Canal for the past ten years. He has been working outdoors in the direct sunlight where the temperature is 95 degrees Fahrenheit and humidity is 80%. He's sitting at the bar at 4 PM drinking 16 oz. Bud Lite beers with an equal number of bourbon shots. He's not eating the salty bar snacks because he is watching his weight although he's on his third Budweiser and weighs 255 pounds, 5’ 8” tall. His lunch also consisted of 3 Bud Lites.

Questions: Is Mr. Bud at risk for water intoxication, dehydration, or in fluid balance? What factors are affecting Mr. Bud's body fluid level and which hormones for fluid balance are affected by his lifestyle? Is his fluid volume dropping? If so, which hormones are released to compensate for this loss?

Mrs. Lovely and Mr. Money. Mrs. Lovely is closing in on 40 years old. She's the first one at the exercise club in the morning at 6 AM (the nanny takes the kids to school) and performs aerobic exercise for no less than two hours, five days a week. She does not believe in rehydration because she's afraid of water weight gain. She wants to return to a size O before her 40th birthday. Her percentage body fat is around 5%. Following her workout, she spends 20 minutes in the dry heat sauna then has a 45-minute massage. Her total caloric intake for a typical day is 1300 calories with few carbohydrates. She's sipping Lady Grey black tea.

Questions: Is Mrs. Lovely at risk for water intoxication, dehydrated, or in fluid balance? What factors are affecting her body fluid level and which hormones for fluid balance are affected by her lifestyle? Is her fluid volume dropping? If so, which hormones are released to compensate for this loss? Is Mrs. Lovely at risk for respiratory or metabolic alkalosis or acidosis? What is the compensatory mechanism working to rectify her self-induced condition?

Mr. Money works 60 hours per week and does not pay much attention to what he eats or drinks. Breakfast consists of two cups of black coffee. He suffers from a hiatal hernia and despite his doctor's advice he continues to work long stressful hours, drink coffee and alcohol, and eat fatty foods. Consequently, he experiences vomiting first thing in the morning and several times per day. His BP is 145/90 and higher during stress. He also has a mild heart condition for which he takes diuretics. He takes Prilosec and a handful of over-the-counter antacids daily. He drinks a glass full of sodium bicarbonate and water each night before bed to quell the heartburn. He and Mrs. Lovely usually eat out together for dinner (nanny cooks and puts the kids to bed too) at which time he tries to impress Mrs. Lovely with a show of concern for healthful eating by ordering a salad with grilled salmon for dinner accompanied by several glasses of white wine.

Questions: Is Mr. Money at risk for water intoxication, dehydrated, or in fluid balance? What factors are affecting his body fluid level and which hormones for fluid balance are affected by his lifestyle? Is his fluid volume dropping? If so, which hormones are released to compensate for this loss? Is Mr. Money at risk for respiratory or metabolic / alkalosis or acidosis? What is the compensatory mechanism working to rectify his self-induced condition?

Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in controlling heart rate (include neurotransmitters, whether it increases and/or decreases heart rate and what specific part of the brain exerts the most control over heart rate). Include neurotransmitters and receptors.

Mariselle is a 42-year-old woman that visits your clinic for a routine appointment. Two years ago, she was diagnosed with early stage (3a) chronic kidney disease associated with hypertension. Her kidney disease and hypertension are managed by a combination of drugs that includes an ACE inhibitor, and dietary restriction. Mariselle is complaining of ‘the heads of mine’ that she says make her feel poorly, and a discomfort in her back and abdomen She reports eating fast food for the last two weeks because she was too tired to cook at home.

Medical History

Her notes show that a previous doctor has prescribed Mariselle benzodiazepines for nervous complaints. You have treated her mother in the past for depression.

On examination

Mariselle describes her symptoms in a flat, monotonous voice and looks anxious and ill at ease. You find that she uses vague phrases such as ‘these heads of mine’ without properly describing them. During the consultation, she attributes her symptoms to her chronic kidney disease. Further exploration reveals that Mariselle is describing headaches which she attributes to her kidney problems.

Questions:

1. Identify both the diagnosis and the prognosis of your patient, and explain the difference between these two

1. In pathologic conditions where the alveolar membrane is thickened there is little effect on the exchange of carbon dioxide, but oxygen diffusion is impaired. Based on your understanding of the respiratory membrane function, propose an explanation for this phenomenon.

2. Would breathing pure oxygen cause a large increase in the partial pressure of oxygen within the blood stream? Why or why not?

How is pain sensation modulated by other sensory input? Please briefly describe the mechanism and speculate on why such a modulatory pathway evolved.

How does the filtrate in the renal tubule differ from the urine that will eventually leave the collecting duct and drain into the renal pelvis?

a) Which cytoskeletal motor protein is required for degranulation of cytotoxic granules during CD8 T cell-mediated killing of a cell infected by a virus?

b) Briefly outline the steps of the motor cycle from above

1. Now that you see what happens with oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and stroke volume, create your own scenario where two subjects would have different numbers (for example so don’t use this one – someone with COPD vs. healthy person). Explain what you expect your findings to be and why.

go through every system (i.e. nervous, cardiac, respiratory, urinary, metabolism) and tell me the differences that are happening in someone running an endurance event compared to someone at rest. This should be separated into sections with headings, written in sentences, and should be 1.5-2 pages. For example, how might my respiratory rate change and why? Cardiac Output? Insulin levels? Glucose levels??