8. Normally urine is hypo-osmotic. What does that mean?

9. What is the counter current mechanism? What is its purpose?

10. How and why does the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) increase BP?

1. Describe the process of urination or micturition.

2. What is renal clearance? How do the values of renal clearance indicate absorption, secretion, or neither of a substance?

3. Name the 3 systems used to regulate pH.

1. Describe how pressure is created in the glomerulus and discuss OP and HP in the glomerulus and in the capsule.

2. Describe tubular reabsorption. What stuff is actively reabsorbed? What stuff is passively reabsorbed?

3. How do we reabsorb more water after the PCT? Hint: discuss long Loops of Henle of the juxtaglomerular nephrons and ADH.

Use the table to record responses to questions 1 and 2.

1. Identify the digestive organs and sphincters. Do not indicate regions or sections (i.e. pylorus and duodenum). Do not list an organ more than once.

2. Record the digestive secretion produced by the organ, if applicable.

3. Where are the food bolus and chyme formed?

4. What is the major site of food absorption?

5. Where are waste products formed and stored?

6. What area eliminates waste products?

Neuroimaging data and aphasia research strongly suggest that the arcuate fasciculus consists of three pathways; a direct, ‘deep’ one and two indirect, ‘shallow’ ones. Describe what each of the 3 pathways connect to and briefly briefly describe its role in speech perception and production.

DQ3. Indicate the results of-sympathetic activation of the following structures: sweat gland, eye pupil, adrenal medulla, heart, liver ,bronchioles, blood vessels of GI, and Salivary glands?

Which of the following results in an increased osmotic gradient along the renal medulla?

Select one:

a. Administration of a diuretic drug that inhibits sodium reabsorption by the ascending limb

b. Drinking a liter of water

c. A low glomerular filtration rate (e.g., 40 mL/min)

d. Long loops of Henle

e. Low dietary protein intake

Using the graphic organizer below, compare and contrast Type I, Type II, and Type III diabetes. Place at least 3 things that they all have in common in the center and at least 3 differences between them in the outer sections. Diabetes Type

Similarities to other types

Type1

1) 2) 3)

Type2

1) 2) 3)

Type3 (gestational)

1) 2) 3)

Differences from other types

Type1

1) 2) 3)

Type2

1) 2) 3)

Type3 (gestational)

1) 2) 3)

Table 1. Initial Testing- Urine and Blood

Swallowing- Case Study

Sarah Miller is a 48 yo female who admitted to the ED with right hemiparesis, dysarthria and a reflexive cough while taking small sips of water. MRI of the brain confirmed an MCA distribution stroke. A bedside swallow evaluation was ordered which revealed the following: R facial droop with moderately dysarthric speech. Tongue deviates to the right on protrusion. Lips strength is moderately impaired. Palpation of larynx/hyoid during a dry swallow revealed mildly reduced laryngeal elevation/excursion. Vocal quality is soft and breathy. Unable to complete diakochokinetic rate due to poor approximation and coordination of movements.

1.   Name 3 cranial nerves you think could be damaged and explain why?

2.   What indications (ie symptoms) do you subjectively consider based on the patient?s presentation (prior to initiating the exam) just based off of what you see, hear and have read about the medical history?

3.   What does the inability to complete the diadochokinetic rate tell you about the patient?s speech/swallow deficits?

explain the development of necrosis in tuberculosis in detail (use words, macrophage, mycobacterium, mycelia acid, phagocytosis, granuloma, caseous)

1. Describe the formation, function, and fate of the corpus luteum. Also, describe the changes that occur in the endometrium during the luteal phase.

a. Describe the two mechanisms that have been proposed to explain the rise in sex steroid secretion that occurs at puberty. Explain the possible effects of body fat and intense the positive role of melatonin in reproduction.

physiology

Answers can be explained thoroughly in jot note format or paragraphs.

Gastrointestinal System

4. Describe how carbohydrate is being digested and absorbed within the human gastrointestinal tract.  

Physiology

Answers can be explained thoroughly in jot note format or paragraphs.

Reproductive System

3. Describe the journey of the formation of a Graafian follicle starting from the primordial germ cell.