JUST ANSWER ALL OF THEM.

A ganglion in the peripheral nervous system is similar to (or analogous to) a ______ in the central nervous system.

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Question 42 (2 points)

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The pressure difference that pulls air into the lungs is created by...

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The efferent part of the nervous system...

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The hormone that causes reabsorption of water from the collecting duct of a nephron is...

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Urea cannot be reabsorbed from kidney tubules.

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According to Henry's Law, the amount of gas dissolved in a fluid (such as blood), depends on which of the following factors?

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When a neuron's membrane potential goes up to +30 microvolts (with respect to the inside of the cell), the neuron is referred to as...

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Fluid from the kidney tubules that is reabsorbed enters the...

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A plasma cell...

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In low blood oxygen (O2) conditions, local arterioles in which of the following body tissues would be expected to constrict?

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Specifically, what is the physiological basis behind the use of Beta 2 agonists, what are the side effects associated with its use, does it actually work, what type of athlete would benefit from its use, and is it banned in competition by the WADA and NCAA or NAIA?

Which test uses sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate? What does it test for? Is there a color change? Does it need to be heated?

Which test would be used to measure patient hydration and kidney functions (ex. stenosis of renal artery or glomerulonephritis)?

Which test uses sodium citrate and sodium carbonate? What does it test for? Is there a color change? Does it need to be heated?

Describe the hormonal changes that occur as a result of implantation, including production of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to maintain the corpus luteum and increased production of progesterone by the corpus luteum

1. A professional cyclist has been training for months at HIGH ELEVATION in preparation for a race at sea level. He enters the race, wins, and after being randomly drug tested by race officials is accused of blood doping.

What did race officials likely find?

2. Why does the blood COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE remain unchanged across the length of a capillary bed? It is roughly 25 mm Hg on the arterial end and 25 mm Hg on the venous end.

Read the following article to assess if this claim scientific by answering the questions that follow:

The term lunar effect refers to correlations between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day lunar cycle and behavior in humans or other living things. In some cases these rhythms may depend on external cues, such as a greater or smaller amount of moonlight due to the moon's phases. A considerable number of studies have examined the effect on humans. By the late 1980s, there were at least 40 published studies on the purported lunar-lunacy connection,and at least 20 published studies on the purported lunar-birthrate connection. However, several extensive literature reviews and meta-analyses found no correlation between the lunar cycle and human biology or behavior.

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Other studies found evidence that those with mental disorders i.e. Schizophrenia generally exhibit 1.8% of increased violent or aggressive episodes during the full Moon, but a more recent study found no such correlation to that of non-schizophrenic human beings^. An analysis of mental-health data found a significant effect of Moon phases, but only on schizophrenic patients.

A recent study of 33 volunteers that did not account for age and sex found a statistically significant connection between sleep quantity and quality and lunar phases, even though the subjects could not see the moon or its light.  A July 2013 study carried out at the University of Basel in Switzerland suggests a correlation between the full Moon and human sleep quality.^[5] Professor Cajochen and colleagues presented evidence that a lunar rhythm can modulate sleep structure in humans when measured under the highly controlled conditions of a circadian laboratory study protocol without time cues. Studying 33 volunteer subjects, the researchers found that subjective and objective measures of sleep varied according to lunar phase and thus may reflect human circalunar rhythmicity. Stringently controlled laboratory conditions, in a cross-sectional setting, were employed to exclude confounding effects such as increased light at night or the potential bias in perception. Measures of lunar influence on sleep structure, electroencephalographic activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), and secretion of the hormones melatonin and cortisol, were retrospectively analyzed.   Cajochen said: "The lunar cycle seems to influence human sleep, even when one does not 'see' the Moon and is not aware of the actual Moon phase."

However, there are suggestions that the 2013 Cajochen study is faulty because of a relatively small (n=33) sample size and inappropriate controls for age and sex. A 2014 study with larger sample sizes (n1=366, n2=29, n3=870) and better experimental controls found no effect of the lunar phase on sleep quality metrics. A 2015 study of 795 children found a 3 minute increase in sleep duration near the full moon, but a 2016 study of 5,812 children found a 5 minute decrease in sleep duration near the full moon. No other modification in activity behaviors were reported, and the lead scientist concluded: "Our study provides compelling evidence that the moon does not seem to influence people's behavior."

1. What are the scientific bases for the claim that there is a lunar effect on human behavior?

JUST ANSWERS.

Secretion of the hormone aldosterone results in...

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Question 82 (2 points)

Which type of white blood cell destroys self-cells that have become infected with a virus?

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Question 83 (2 points)

For the menstrual cycle, the uterus' proliferative phase corresponds to which ovarian phase?

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Urine is yellow, and feces are brown, because the liver must dispose of...

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Genetic material is composed of...

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Which of the following parts of the wave generated on an electrocardiogram corresponds to and is followed by ventricular contraction?

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As the volume of a gas increases, its pressure...

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Which part of the cerebrum instructs skeletal muscles to contract?

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Red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution will...

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Question 90 (2 points)

Which of the following is necessary for skeletal muscle contractions?

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JUST ANSWERS.

he large intestine...

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Dehydration synthesis...

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The ovarian follicle that ruptures during a female's monthly cycle then develops into a...

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The loop of Henle is shaped like a "U", because...

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Endergonic reactions...

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Chief cells produce...

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During which of the following stages of mitosis does chromatin condense into distinct chromosomes?

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The liver receives food primarily from...

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The purpose of cell respiration is to...

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An average adult male at rest moves about how much air in and out of the lungs in one minute?

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JUST ANSWERS. NO EXPLANATION

Unless fertilization occurs, meiosis does not complete in females.

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Question 32 (2 points)

Nitric oxide (NO) is a neurotransmitter that facilitates penile erection by...

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Enzymes are...

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Which of the following molecule types would you expect to attach to a protein carrier in order to enter a cell?

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Fluid that is squeezed out of the glomerulus directly enters the...

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Question 36 (2 points)

Which organic molecule contains nitrogen?

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Question 37 (2 points)

Which of the following is an example of innate immunity?

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Question 38 (2 points)

Which of the following is comprised of all the air in the lungs except that which cannot be forcibly exhaled?

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Question 39 (2 points)

The Krebs Cycle...

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If a substance has a renal plasma clearance that is higher than the glomerular filtration rate, then that substance must be...

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Additional Critical Thinking Questions

1. You are the captain of a miniature submarine that is being sent on a voyage through the body. Your assignment is to plot the course taken by molecules of oxygen from the atmosphere to the heart and the reverse course taken by molecules of carbon dioxide from the heart to the atmosphere. Diagram and explain how you would organize the course.

2. A five-year-old child threatens to hold his breath until he dies if his mother does not buy him an ice cream cone. Would you advise the mother to let the child hold his breath or to give in to his demand? Your advice should be based only on any possible physiological damage to the child.

3. You have been asked to assist an 80-year-old resident of a nursing home who is hyperventilating. You want to be sure she does not faint and lose consciousness. What are you going to do to help this individual?

4. A tracheotomy is an operation to make an opening in the trachea if there is an upper respiratory obstruction of airflow. Explain how ventilation is possible via this opening and why you don’t need to use your nose or mouth to bring air into your lungs.

5. Asthma is an obstructive disease characterized by inflamed airways that lead to decreased diameter of the airways. Based on your knowledge of airway resistance and mechanics of breathing explain the effect of asthma on inspiration and expiration. Which of these, expiration or inspiration, will be more greatly affected by this disease?

Chapter 28: The Reproductive Systems and Development

Critical Thinking Questions

1. Assume that a 30-year-old male is able to produce sufficient spermatozoa, but because of an obstruction in his duct system, the spermatozoa cannot be discharged through the urethra. If each duct in the system had to be examined to locate the obstruction, explain the sequence in which the ducts would have to be examined, starting with the urethra and termination in the seminiferous tubules.

2. Make a flowchart explaining the hormonal relationships that exist among the pituitary gland, ovarian cycle, and uterine (menstrual) cycle.

3. Jan has a history of miscarriage in the first trimester. Her physician thinks that her problem might be hormonal. What hormones could be implicated in failing to maintain the pregnancy during the first trimester?

4. Doris wants to have her child born on a particular day. She asks her physician if he can induce labor on that day. Is this procedure possible? If so, what will the physician have to do? Are there any negative consequences to having labor induced?

5. Based on your knowledge of the reproductive system, describe some possible methods of birth control that would impair ovulation, fertilization or implantation.

) The ileac blade provides attachment areas for the Gluteus medius and Gluteus minimus muscles.  They “originate” here; they “insert” into the neck and lateral trochanter of the femur, and when they contract, they pull in more or less a straight line between their origin and their insertion (the origins and insertions are marked on the cast of a full human skeleton; you can also see them on the figures in the study guide).  Look again at the shape and orientation of the ileac blade, and also look at the chimpanzee skeleton and that of a human and compare how the ileum is oriented with respect to the spinal column.  In which is it along/parallel to the spinal column?  What is its relative placement and orientation in the other?  In which direction would these muscles pull a chimpanzee’s leg when they contract?  What motion do you think they cause when they contract in humans?

1. what are two features of the female pelvis assist in the baby's passage during childbirth?

2. What are some secondary sexual characteristics in human males? Describe at least three.

3.

Case Study: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and Fertility

1) What are some symptoms of PCOS?

2) The exact cause of PCOS is still unknown. What are some suspected causes, and how do they relate to some of the symptoms?

3) PCOS is the leading cause of infertility in women. At which stage is follicle development stopped? What are some treatment plans that may help a woman with PCOS who wishes to conceive?

1) How are symptoms of heart disease detected and why?

2) List and describe three common heart diseases, and describe their signs and symptoms.

3) List the types of tools used to diagnosis heart disease.

4) List the different techniques used to diagnose heart disease, and describe how each technique works.

5) Define the principles of pedigree analysis and describe how it is used to diagnose heart disease.