Your lab partner did an experiment where he added drug to a tissue, he thinks the drug caused receptor desensitization. He froze the tissue so it could be used in biochemical assays. What experiment would you do to test if the desensitization is the result of acute or chronic drug exposure? How would you interpret the results obtained?

Which of the following processes draws energy directly from the hydrolysis of ATP?

simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

primary active transport

secondary active transport

a patient has strange disorder in which both myosin and actin do not attach to the z-disk. Discuss the structure of the sarcomere and whether this disorder will influence the development of muscle tension.

1. Outline the lymphatic vasculature beginning with the capillaries and ending at the ducts. Describe each type of vessels.

pcr and antibody antigen tests are used to detect covid19 , two cases for each test where you might get negative result for infected person, what are these cases?

a. How will adding a warm solution to the heart effect heart rate and contraction and state the physiological reasoning behind this.

b. How will adding epinephrine to the heart effect heart rate and contraction and state the physiological reasoning behind this.

c. How will cooling the heart down effect heart rate and contraction and state the physiological reasoning behind this.

d. How will adding an epinephrine agonist effect the heart and predict the effect it will have on the heart and state your

reasoning.

Jasmeesa is performing a blood typing lab. She takes her own blood sample and mixes I with different antibodies. her blood agglutinates when mixed with anti b bodies but doesn't not agglutinate with anti a or anti-rH antibodies. determine her blood type and explain how you got it.

What body organs should be evaluated for their impact on serum calcium levels?

Many of the topics we touched upon this year are well established ethical questions that the public has debated for many years. Reading deals with a much newer ethical dilemma -- genetic engineering. Recently it has become much more frequent to see stories of scientists working on changing our genetic make up, Questions about some uses of genetic engineering, by Jonathan Glover focuses on both the ethical dilemma as well as the positive gains that can come from it.

Please post a reflection on the readings.

What other minerals, vitamins, and hormones play a role in calcium metabolism and should be evaluated for their impact on serum calcium levels?

Please explain why ancestry estimation in Forensic Anthropology is controversial?

What is the body’s positive response to the increase oxidative stress?

What methods provide ATP during muscle activity? Why would so many methods evolve to provide ATP to muscles?

Compare and contrast the ascending CNS pathway for touch and proprioception vs. the ascending CNS pathway for pain and temperature.

Osteoclasts are the cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss in pathologic conditions by increasing their resorptive activity. They are derived from precursors in the myeloid/ monocyte lineage that circulate in the blood after their formation in the bone marrow. These osteoclast precursors (OCPs) are attracted to sites on bone surfaces destined for resorption and fuse with one another to form the multinucleated cells that resorb calcified matrixes under the influence of osteoblastic cells in bone marrow.functions for OCPs and osteoclasts in and around bone other than bone resorption. For example, they regulate the differentiation of osteoblast precursors and the movement of hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow to the bloodstream; they participate in immune responses, and secrete cytokines that can affect their own functions and those of other cells in inflammatory and neoplastic processes affecting bone.

2)During intramembranous ossification, compact and spongy bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue

The osteoblasts secrete osteoid, uncalcified matrix consisting of collagen precursors and other organic proteins, which calcifies (hardens) within a few days as mineral salts are deposited on it, thereby entrapping the osteoblasts within. Once entrapped, the osteoblasts become osteocytes . As osteoblasts transform into osteocytes, osteogenic cells in the surrounding connective tissue differentiate into new osteoblasts at the edges of the growing bone.

Several clusters of osteoid unite around the capillaries to form a trabecular matrix, while osteoblasts on the surface of the newly formed spongy bone become the cellular layer of the periosteum .The periosteum then secretes compact bone superficial to the spongy bone. The spongy bone crowds nearby blood vessels, which eventually condense into red bone marrow .The new bone is constantly also remodeling under the action of osteoclasts.

3)Intramembranous ossification begins in utero during fetal development and continues on into adolescence. At birth, the skull and clavicles are not fully ossified nor are the junctions between the skull bone (sutures) closed. This allows the skull and shoulders to deform during passage through the birth canal. The last bones to ossify via intramembranous ossification are the flat bones of the face, which reach their adult size at the end of the adolescent growth spurt.