Describe the submucosal plexus below. When it becomes activated what is the major physiological response? When would this plexus be activated?

Integrative Urinary Case Study

While working as a general practitioner, your patient Lamar comes to your office for a standard checkup. Because Lamar is 60 years old and has type II diabetes, you frequently subject him to lab tests to evaluate kidney function, as you know that kidney function can be compromised in diabetics.

Urinary Case Study.01

One type of damage that you are worried about detecting is damage to the endothelial cells of the kidney glomeruli and the podocytes that make up the Bowman’s capsule epithelium. This damage can cause the openings in these tissue layers (e.g., intercellular clefts and other fenestrations) to widen in diabetic patients. Based on analysis of a urine sample from Lamar (urinalysis), which of the following would be the best evidence that such damage has occurred?

A Higher than normal protein levels in the urine.

B Higher than normal Na levels in the urine.

C Lower than normal protein levels in the urine.

D Lower than normal Na levels in the urine.

Urinary Case Study.02

Unfortunately, you detect the evidence of kidney damage that you identified in question #1 from Lamar’s urinalysis results. What effect, if any, do you predict this will have on the osmotic pressure (osmolarity) of his blood plasma?

A It should be higher than normal.

B It should be normal.

C It should be lower than normal.

Urinary Case Study.03

Given the answer to question #2, what should happen to Lamar’s interstitial fluid volume?

A It should be higher than normal.

B It should be normal.

C It should be lower than normal.

Urinary Case Study.04

Why does the answer to question #2 cause the answer to question #3?

A Because Lamar’s TPR is higher than that of a healthy individual.

B Since the osmotic pressure of Lamar’s blood plasma should be the same as that of a healthy individual, it makes sense that his interstitial fluid volume should be normal.

C Because Lamar’s GFR is higher than that of a healthy individual.

D Because the balance of Starling’s forces in Lamar’s systemic capillaries is altered relative to that of a healthy individual.

Urinary Case Study.05

You also detect significant amounts of glucose in Lamar’s urine sample, which is typical in diabetics. What does this tell you about his kidney function?

A His glucose reabsorption rate must exceed his glucose excretion rate.

B His glucose reabsorption rate must exceed his glucose secretion rate.

C His glucose filtration rate must exceed his glucose secretion rate.

D His glucose filtration rate must exceed his glucose reabsorption rate.

Urinary Case Study.06

Since Lamar’s diabetes is very poorly controlled, you decide that you want to prescribe him another anti-diabetic drug in addition to the ones he is already on: a glifozin, which is a class of drugs that inhibit SGLTs (sodium-dependent glucose transporters). These drugs reduce blood sugar through their actions on the urinary system. Why would inhibiting SGLTs reduce blood sugar?

A Inhibiting SGLTs will increase the rate that glucose is reabsorbed by secondary active transport.

B Inhibiting SGLTs will reduce the rate that glucose is reabsorbed by secondary active transport.

C Inhibiting SGLTs will increase the rate that glucose is reabsorbed by primary active transport.

D Inhibiting SGLTs will decrease the rate that glucose is reabsorbed by primary active transport.

Urinary Case Study.07

Before he leaves, you measure Lamar’s blood pressure and find that it is elevated, as it has been over the past few visits. To attempt to get his hypertension under control you decide to prescribe him an ACE inhibitor. How will this drug lower his blood pressure?

A It will cause vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles feeding the kidney glomeruli.

B It will enhance the activity of Na-K-ATPases in the basolateral membranes of proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells (causing reabsorption of more Na per unit time).

C It will cause vasodilation of the efferent arterioles exiting the kidney glomeruli.

D It will increase rates of Na and HO excretion via the urine.

Know all of the hormones that have their effects on the kidneys, and what those specific effects are, and know about the hormones and enzyme (Renin) released by the kidneys and their target tissues and effects at the various tissues.

Explain the Length-tension property of a muscle contraction.

The conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA uses what enzyme?

Lab 2: The Muscular system
Q. In some versions of Muscular lab, students added ATP to fresh muscle fibers, which was supposed to cause them to shorten. However, it did not usually work; the fibers generally stayed the same length. Provide one possible reason for this lack of shortening.

Which of the following statements about the retina’s operation across different levels of ambient light is most accurate?

1. On-center retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) respond to a small spot of light in the center of its receptive field over an extremely small range of ambient intensities.
2. Off-center RGCs respond to a small spot of light in the center of its receptive field over a broad range of ambient intensities.
3. RGCs generally do not report absolute ambient light intensities, but rather encode relative intensity differences between its receptive field center and surround.
4. Interactions within the outer plexiform layer do not play an important role in modulating the photic sensitivity of ganglion cells.
5. Back-propagating action potentials from RGC targets in the ventral posterolateral thalamic nuclei alter light sensitivity.

A student with intractable epilepsy had their corpus callosum surgically severed in an effort to limit the spread of the seizures.  This procedure resulted in a disruption of…

1. Axons arising from glutamatergic neurons in Layer 2/3 of the cortex that project to the thalamus and are born first during embryonic cortical neurogenesis.
2. Axons arising from dopaminergic neurons in Layer 5 of the cortex that project to the striatum and are born during the middle of the period of embryonic cortical neurogenesis.
3. Axons arising from glutamatergic neurons in Layer 2/3 of the cortex that project to other regions of the cortex and are born last during embryonic cortical neurogenesis.
4. Axons arising from glutamatergic neurons in Layer 5 of the cortex that are born first during embryonic cortical neurogenesis.
5. None of the above

A colleague has made a new mouse model that exhibits selectively loss of Vglut2 (a protein involved in loading glutamate into vesicles) in neurons of the subthalamic nucleus. This results in a reduction in indirect pathway glutamatergic output from the basal ganglia. The mouse most likely exhibits... a. Inability to initiate movements b. Hyperlocomotion c. Enhanced visual responsiveness d. Loss of auditory function

During your shift as an emergency room physician, you admit a patient who fell 30 feet while rock climbing onto rocky terrain. Upon examination, the patient has reduced voluntary motor control of his right leg, a loss of pain and temperature sensation in his left side from the hip down, and a loss of fine touch and proprioception in his right side from the hip down. What is the likely location of his spinal cord lesion?

1. A complete spinal cord lesion at L1
2. A partial lesion localized to the left side of the spinal cord six segments rostral to T7
3. A partial lesion localized to the right side of the spinal cord six segments caudal to T7
4. A complete spinal cord lesion three segments caudal to C8
5. A partial lesion localized to the right side of the spinal cord three segments rostral to S5

1. Do you think heart rate responses would be different to the different modes of exercise?  Why? What is the purpose/function of increasing heart during exercise? What factors influence increase in heart rate during exercise among the different modes?

Define lymphocyte development . Mention what happens during lymphocyte development.

Is it possible for nerves to regenerate, and if it is possible, where would you expect regeneration to occur, in the CNS or PNS, and why or why not? What part of a neuron can grow back, if at all?

1. Participants did the VO2 max test in running machine. Define RER and give the equation for RER. What type of substrate/fuel was the subject utilizing the most at baseline? What type of substrate/fuel was the subject utilizing the most at his/her O2max? What was the trend for RER from rest to O2max and why did this trend occur in physiological terms?

2.Do you think the subject’s O_2max would be higher or lower if the submaximal test was performed on a treadmill? Give the physiological reasoning for your answer.

During a facelift, the cosmetic surgeon accidentally severs the facial nerve on the right side of the face. What are some of the effects this would have on the patient, and what muscles are involved?

1.- Define homeostasis. Who was the first person to describe the phenomenon? Who was the first person to coin the term Homeostasis. Explain the processes involved in returning your body temperature to its 37°C set point during a run when your body temperature gets above 37°C.

2.-As you are sitting at your desk reviewing ANS 100 lectures during Spring 2020, you look out your window and notice a new species of animal. You remember reading about this new species Covidicus whoknowswhatitis on social media and that people don’t know much about it yet. So like a good Animal Science student you go outside to take a closer look. You see that there are lots of individuals of this species and they range in size from about 1g to 1000g. They are transparent and so you can see their internal organs (and you have superpowers so you know the weight of everything you look at!). You notice that one individual is 10g and has a 1g liver, you then notice another individual that is 30g and has a 3 g liver. In this species, does liver size scale allometrically or isometrically? Both animals turn around and now you see their kidneys. In the 10g species the kidney is 0.5g (yes, they have big kidneys) and in the 30g species the kidney is 1g. In this species, does the kidney scale allometrically or isometrically? Explain the difference between allometric and isometric scaling. Why do many physiological processes or anatomical structures scale allometrically?