Susan is a 67-year-old white female who works part-time at the library and volunteers at least 10 hours per week. She and her husband live in a two-story home; her children and grandchildren visit every 6 months. She and her husband travel at least twice per year. She participates in water aerobics and yoga 4 days per week for 1 hour each. She will eat lunch at casual dining restaurants at least four times per week. She consumes three meals per day but is not eating as much due to recovering from a wrist fracture from a fall that happened 2 months ago. For breakfast, she will have ¾ cup of high-fiber cereal with ½ cup skim milk. For lunch, a heavy salad (chicken, cheese, romaine lettuce, vegetables) with light dressing, 1 slice of bread or a roll, and 4 ounces of wine. At dinner, she will have a big bowl of thickened soup/stew with bread or 2–3 ounces of fatty fish or meat, 1 cup of salad with light dressing, vegetables, and 4 ounces of wine. She tries to avoid milk-based foods due to the gas and bloating it causes and also tries to eat low-fat/low-salt to avoid gaining weight and increasing her blood pressure. She has no issues with chewing/swallowing or bowels aside from when eating milk-based foods. From her fall, the doctors performed a bone mineral density exam, in which her T-scores are as follows: for the hip: 1.7 (normal is > –1.0); for a vertebra: –2.6 (normal is > –2.5). Susan’s serum vitamin D level is 23 nmol/L. Her doctor has placed her on an over-the-counter 500-mg calcium with vitamin D supplement. She has prehypertension (average blood pressure of 128/92) and refuses to take any hypertension medications. She has lost 5 pounds over the past 2 months.

Height: 5’6”, weight: 122 pounds, weight history: 127 pounds (2 months ago)

Questions

1. What do her lab values lead you to believe about her bone status?
2. What is her BMI? What is her BMI classification?
3. Is her weight loss a concern to you? Why or why not?
4. What additional questions would you ask Susan regarding her nutritional intake?
5. What are Susan’s calorie, macronutrient, and micronutrient needs?
6. What are your diet recommendations for Susan?
7. What are your nutritional goals for Susan?

Detail how blood pressure is taken and provide normal blood pressure values. In your narrative, answer the following:

-What role do the sounds of Korotkoff play in determining blood pressure values?

-How does position impact blood pressure readings?

-How can exercise alter blood pressure values both immediately and long term?

In a narrative format, compare and contrast hypertension vs. hypotension. In your answer, be sure to describe blood pressure, how blood pressure is determined, and normal blood pressure values. In your comparison of these two conditions, be sure to include the following:

-Blood pressure value ranges for these conditions

-Causes of the conditions

-Treatments for the conditions

-Details regarding if certain individuals may be more susceptible to these afflictions than others

Walking along the beach you stand on a sharp bit of glass that cuts your foot. Based on the systems we have covered in the unit, describe and explain the short-term sensory, autonomic and motor mechanisms that would be triggered by this injury.

3. In detail, describe an ectopic pregnancy. In your narrative, be sure to answer the following:

-What causes an ectopic pregnancy to occur?

-Is an ectopic pregnancy viable?

-What treatments/procedures are necessary in the case of an ectopic pregnancy?

In regards to the respiratory system, research one of the following system afflictions:

-Emphysema

-Cystic fibrosis -

Asthma-

Pneumonia

Write a detailed summary of this affliction. In your summary, be sure to include the following:-What causes the affliction?-How prevalent is this affliction?-Are certain individuals more susceptible to the affliction than others?

Write a description of how blood moves through the body. In your answer, be sure to include the   

       following:

-Involved anatomical structures of the heart

-What role veins, arteries and lungs play in the process

-Description and details of any involved systems or circuits

Human Physiology

1. Describe the pathway of filtrate flow through the urinary system, beginning at the renal corpuscle and ending with elimination from the body. Include in your description the locations where the three major processes occur, and the names and locations of the associated capillaries.
2. Describe the events that lead to micturition (urination), including the effect of the nervous system on the muscles involved.
3. Explain the concept of transport maximum. Under what scenario would glucose appear in the urine?
4. Explain in detail the process that establishes and maintains the medullary osmotic gradient in the kidneys. Then describe the effect this osmotic gradient has on the water in the renal tubules.
5. Explain what conditions stimulate the release of ADH by the posterior pituitary. Then describe in detail the effect of ADH on cells lining the collecting duct.
6. Describe the effect aldosterone and ANP have on sodium levels in the blood.
7. Describe the process by which ingested proteins and carbohydrates are digested, absorbed, and transported into the bloodstream. Then contrast this with the process pertaining to the digestion and absorption of dietary fats (lipids). Include an explanation as to why lipids are processed differently from hydrophilic molecules.
8. Explain the functions of the stomach and describe the features that make it uniquely adapted to its function, including the function of cells located in the gastric pits.
9. Describe the 28-day ovarian cycle (follicle phase & luteal phase), beginning with the development of primary follicles and ending with degeneration of the corpus luteum. Include in your description the role of granulosa cells, theca cells, and the zona pellucida.
10. Describe the pathway that sperm travel during ejaculation, beginning in the testes and ending at the penis. Then name and describe the function of the accessory glands involved in the process.
11. Explain the function of Leydig cells and Sertoli cells in the development of sperm inside the testes.
12. Describe in detail the steps that lead to inflammation, beginning with the introduction of pathogens into a wound, and ending with the formation of a clot. Include in your description the types of cytokines released and the various leukocytes involved. (10 pts.
13. Explain what happens during lymphocyte maturation to ensure B and T lymphocytes do not attack healthy body cells. Include the site of maturation for B cells and for T cells.

Order these steps: When light reaches the rods of vertebrates there is a change in the membrane potential from – 40 mV to – 70 mV. As a result of this hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor, the associated bipolar and ganglion cells fire action potentials. Place these events in order of their occurrence by placing a 1. next to the first event, 2. next ……and, finally a 5. next to the last event.

____Retinal changes from cis to trans configuration

____Bipolar cell no longer inhibited

____Activation of G protein called transducin which decreases amount of cGMP

____Sodium channels close

____Decreased glutamate release

the normal blood supply to the entire GI tract (in chart/table form, with names of arteries and names of corresponding structures)

Describe the fate of aortic arches 1-6, the ventral aorta, and dorsal aorta for each of the following vertebrate groups:

a. Chondrichthyes

b. Actinopterygian (Teleost) fish

c. Sarcopterygian (Dipoan/Lungfish) fish

d. Anurans (larva and adult frogs)

e. Non-avian Reptiles

f. Birds

g. Mammals

When describing these fates, be sure to include whether blood is passing through a gill capillary, lung, or bypassing a respiratory organ altogether. Also mention important blood vessels that form from each aortic arch

Describe the general function of teeth. Diagram the general structure of a tooth. Describe the different kinds of specialized teeth found in mammals. For each type of tooth provide the type of diet it is associated with.

What is the function of the circulatory system? Compare and contrast the structure and functions of arteries, veins, and capillary beds. What is blood pressure and why must it be regulated by the heart and blood vessels? Lastly distinguish the difference between single and double circulation.

Describe how the tissue responds to each of the following stimuli Be sure to include the underlying mechanism—don’t just tell me a stimulus will result in contraction, tell me HOW the stimulus will result in contraction. I will focus on the mechanism on the exam

a. Acetylcholine (Ach)

b. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (Physostigmine)

c. Atropine

d. Norepinephrine

e. Elevated extracellular K+

f. K+ inhibitor (Barium Chloride)

The expression patterns of different genes follow different kinetic patterns in response to exercise. Explain how the patterns are different and why? And how are these differing kinetics beneficial to exercise training?