a. How will adding a warm solution to the heart effect heart rate and contraction and state the physiological reasoning behind this.

b. How will adding epinephrine to the heart effect heart rate and contraction and state the physiological reasoning behind this.

c. How will cooling the heart down effect heart rate and contraction and state the physiological reasoning behind this.

d. How will adding an epinephrine agonist effect the heart and predict the effect it will have on the heart and state your

reasoning.

Jasmeesa is performing a blood typing lab. She takes her own blood sample and mixes I with different antibodies. her blood agglutinates when mixed with anti b bodies but doesn't not agglutinate with anti a or anti-rH antibodies. determine her blood type and explain how you got it.

What body organs should be evaluated for their impact on serum calcium levels?

Many of the topics we touched upon this year are well established ethical questions that the public has debated for many years. Reading deals with a much newer ethical dilemma -- genetic engineering. Recently it has become much more frequent to see stories of scientists working on changing our genetic make up, Questions about some uses of genetic engineering, by Jonathan Glover focuses on both the ethical dilemma as well as the positive gains that can come from it.

Please post a reflection on the readings.

What other minerals, vitamins, and hormones play a role in calcium metabolism and should be evaluated for their impact on serum calcium levels?

Please explain why ancestry estimation in Forensic Anthropology is controversial?

What is the body’s positive response to the increase oxidative stress?

What methods provide ATP during muscle activity? Why would so many methods evolve to provide ATP to muscles?

Compare and contrast the ascending CNS pathway for touch and proprioception vs. the ascending CNS pathway for pain and temperature.

Osteoclasts are the cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss in pathologic conditions by increasing their resorptive activity. They are derived from precursors in the myeloid/ monocyte lineage that circulate in the blood after their formation in the bone marrow. These osteoclast precursors (OCPs) are attracted to sites on bone surfaces destined for resorption and fuse with one another to form the multinucleated cells that resorb calcified matrixes under the influence of osteoblastic cells in bone marrow.functions for OCPs and osteoclasts in and around bone other than bone resorption. For example, they regulate the differentiation of osteoblast precursors and the movement of hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow to the bloodstream; they participate in immune responses, and secrete cytokines that can affect their own functions and those of other cells in inflammatory and neoplastic processes affecting bone.

2)During intramembranous ossification, compact and spongy bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue

The osteoblasts secrete osteoid, uncalcified matrix consisting of collagen precursors and other organic proteins, which calcifies (hardens) within a few days as mineral salts are deposited on it, thereby entrapping the osteoblasts within. Once entrapped, the osteoblasts become osteocytes . As osteoblasts transform into osteocytes, osteogenic cells in the surrounding connective tissue differentiate into new osteoblasts at the edges of the growing bone.

Several clusters of osteoid unite around the capillaries to form a trabecular matrix, while osteoblasts on the surface of the newly formed spongy bone become the cellular layer of the periosteum .The periosteum then secretes compact bone superficial to the spongy bone. The spongy bone crowds nearby blood vessels, which eventually condense into red bone marrow .The new bone is constantly also remodeling under the action of osteoclasts.

3)Intramembranous ossification begins in utero during fetal development and continues on into adolescence. At birth, the skull and clavicles are not fully ossified nor are the junctions between the skull bone (sutures) closed. This allows the skull and shoulders to deform during passage through the birth canal. The last bones to ossify via intramembranous ossification are the flat bones of the face, which reach their adult size at the end of the adolescent growth spurt.

A patient is thought to be suffering from either muscular dystrophy or myasthenia gravis. How would you distinguish between the two conditions?

Which is not a feature of the resting potential?

a. is close to -70mV (inside negative).

b. is partially maintained by a G protein-coupled receptor via cAMP.

c. is close to the Nernst equilibrium potential for K+

d. is partially maintained by passive K+ channels.

A 150 lb, 5’6” 20 something year old male burns approximately 1650 calories for his BMR and an additional 1078 calories from physical activity and the thermic effect of food. He decides to eat nothing but hamburgers for a day.

One hamburger has 8g of fat, 30g of carbs and 14g of protein.

Calculate the total calories burned in the day for this man ____________________________________

Calculate the total calories in one hamburger _______________________________

How many hamburgers will the man need to eat to maintain his body weight. ______________________

If he ate one extra hamburger a day, how many days would it take for him to gain 1 lb?   

How would a drug that is a bronchodilator cause changes to A) areas of the conducting zone, and B) respiratory zone performance

1. Name the adrenergic receptors. Where are they found? What happens when each is stimulated and what is the net effect?

2. Compare and contrast blood flow through one 4mm diameter blood vessel vs two 2mm blood vessels. Include volume, resistance, and rationale for your
answer.