14. A sarcomere is very stretched, will it create a lot of force?

15. A sarcomere has optimal overlap, how much force (maximum, middle, minimum) would it generate? 16. Would a smooth muscle function properly if there was not enough Ca++ in the ECF? Explain.

1. What would happen if at rest, there was no concentration gradient for Na+ or K+?
2. You have a muscular dysfunction that lacks T-tubules.  How might this affect muscle contraction?
3. You have a muscular dysfunction that lacks sarcoplasmic reticulum.  How might this affect muscle contraction?
4. You have a muscular dysfunction that lacks voltage-gated channels.  How might this affect muscle contraction?
5. You have a muscular dysfunction that lacks chemically-gated channels.  How might this affect muscle contraction?
6. If tropomyosin is never moved off actin, what would be the result?
7. If you died, why would you develop rigor mortis?
8. All of the motor units in the fingers were very large (many muscle fibers per motor unit.  How would this affect function?
9. If the calcium (Ca++) pumps did not function how would this affect muscles?
10. What would be an issue if all skeletal muscles relied on anaerobic metabolism instead of aerobic?
11. Oh no! All of the muscle fibers in your legs are fast glycolytic.  How would this affect how your legs function?

T/F questions

1. Thalassemia results in low oxygen levels because RBCs are prematurely destroyed and the person produces less hemoglobin than normal.

2. Cancer could come back after a stem cell transplant because cancerous blood cells might have been in the tissues and not killed before the transplant.

3. Blood transfusion reactions always result in kidney failure.

O. M. is a 6-year-old child at a freestanding emergency room. Per the mother, O.M. is complaining of being tired, sleeping at night with several naps in the day, and her appetite is decreasing. The mother reports an uneventful pregnancy and delivery; O.M. has met her milestones, and immunizations are up to date. Her parents and younger brother are healthy. Paternal grandfather died of colorectal cancer in his 70s. She has no medical history and has no medication.  

All vital signs are normal except for an elevated heart rate and she is minimally underweight.

All assessment findings are normal with the exception of:

·        Skin pale but warm and dry

·        Bruising over the buttocks and left flank

·        Noted oral mucous membranes with petechiae

·         Mild enlarged, cervical, submaxillary, inguinal nodes

·        Presence of hepatosplenomegaly

Blood work:

Hemoglobin decreased

Hematocrit decreased

RBC count decreased

WBC 13,100/mm3

Neutrophils 58%

WBC differential identifies 11% are blast cells

Platelet count 30,000/mm3

PT/PTT normal

Later results:

Bone marrow aspirate: 94% blast cells, 3% erythroblasts, 3% all other cells.

Reverse Transcriptase - Polymerase Chain Reaction: positive TEL-AMI fusion gene. No other abnormality.

Chest x-ray: Normal

Lumbar puncture: Cerebral spinal fluid normal

Immunology: positive for cytoplasmic µ heavy chain protein

1. Explain the genetic implications and risk factors in the development of Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia
2. Explain the pathophysiologic or physiologic response leading to O.M. being tired, sleepy, and decreased appetite.
3. What other patient information would you have wanted to have a clearer understanding of the patient?
4. Provide examples of chemical exposures, environmental hazards, or antigens that may lead to leukemia
5. What is the prevalence of childhood ALL?

Which one of the following statements is not correct?

1. In one paragraph (or more), discuss the role of Actin and Myosin in a muscle contraction. Include the proteins troponin and tropomyosin in your discussion.

2. In the second paragraph, discuss the major events of muscle contraction and relaxation.

3. Discuss what an agonist, antagonist, and synergists mean and give an example for each.  

Describe the myenteric plexus below. When it becomes activated what is the major physiological response? When would this plexus be activated?

True or False:

1. In an individual human, the pattern of gene expression is identical across all different types of somatic cells

2. The stem cell potential of a fertilized human egg is pluripotent

3. In an individual human, different types of somatic cells have the same genome.

How are the mircroscopic histolgocial physical traits that are unqiue to smooth muscle, a reflection of the functions of cardiac muscle tissue?

What are the implications of diversity on the future and how will you implement them in today's world?

How are the mircroscopic histolgocial physical traits that are unqiue to skeletal muscle, a reflection of the functions of cardiac muscle tissue?

Analyze squatting by biomechanical factors broken down into skill, anatomical/performance factors, potential injuries, and equipment/environmental influences and determine the most important one. Analysis of ankle, knee, and hip joints as far as joint action, musculature, and muscle action while squatting.

Write an Explanation with each answer.

Georgia Kaplan is a 22-year-old college student with anorexia nervosa. She was diagnosed when she was 15 years old while attending boarding school. She has undergone intensive treatment with recent better control of her disorder. At present she weighs 98 pounds and her height is 5 feet 2 inches. She is fearful of gaining weight. In particular, she is fearful of weighing more than 100 pounds. She has kept her weight over 95 pounds for the last 3 years with close medical follow-up and psychological counseling.

Ms. Kaplan’s grades at school are consistently As and Bs, unless she is having difficulty with her condition. She visualizes herself as being overweight, “feels fat,” and follows a very strict diet under medical supervision. She shares an apartment with two other roommates who are not aware that she has an eating disorder. She shops for her own food, stores it on a special shelf in the kitchen, and uses a particular shelf in the refrigerator. Her roommate shop, cook, and share meals with each other, but Georgia prefers to by herself.

Georgia exercises twice a day. In the morning she jogs with on of her roommates. In the afternoon she works out, concentrating on her abdomen, which she believes is “too fat and sticks out too much.” She has not had a menstrual period in more than 3 months. Before that time, her menstrual cycle was irregular and fluctuated with the control of her disease.

On physical examination, Georgia appears pale and thin. Her temperature is 96.2 degrees, her blood pressure is 64/42, and her pulse is 58 and regular. She states that she has occasional dizziness but, as long as she changes her position slowly from lying to sitting, this dizziness is not usually bothersome.

1. Even though Georgia Kaplan’s disease seems to be in control, which one of the following factors indicates a need to monitor her more closely than usual?

1. A weight of 98 pounds
2. Fear of gaining weight over 100 pounds
3. Grades
4. The fact that her roommates do not know of her disorder
5. Ritualistic behavior regarding shopping and eating alone
6. Exercise
7. Body image
8. Amenorrhea
9. Dizziness
10. Abnormal temperature, pulse, and blood pressure

1. 1, 2, 4, and 5
2. 3, 4, 5, and 10
3. 4, 5, 6, and 8
4. 6, 7, 8, and 9

2. The counselor convinces Georgia to share her problem with her roommates and she brings them to her next visit. Discussion with the roommates indicates that Georgia’s condition is being complicated by another disorder. She has not gained any weight since the last visit, but her roommates indicate that she is sharing meals with them and progressively eating more food. Which one of the following disorders should be considered?

1. Phenylketonuria
2. Obesity
3. Diabetes mellitus
4. Bulimia

3. In making nutritional recommendations to Ms. Kaplan, the counselor should stress which of the following factors?

1. Basic nutrient molecules are necessary for each cell in the body to function.
2. Body systems will compensate for her inability to eat properly.
3. Her disorder will not affect other systems in the body.
4. She will need to take vitamins to counteract all the effects of her disorder.

4. When describing necessary nutrition for Georgia, which one of the following groups of tools is most likely to be used?

1. Pictures of children with kwashiorkor and marasmus
2. Recommended daily allowances and the Food Guide Pyramid
3. Recommended daily allowances and a list of the essential amino acids.
4. The food pyramid and a list of the essential amino acids