Cardiac myocytes (contractile cells) have a prolonged action potential including a plateau phase which lasts up to ~250ms. This is to enable a longer, sustained contraction so that the ventricles have time to pump blood out. In order to enable this ‘plateau’ phase (Phase 2):

Group of answer choices

Slow Na⁺ channels enable a sustained inward Na⁺ current.

Slow K⁺ channels enable a sustained inward K⁺ current, balance with Na⁺ efflux.

L-type Ca²⁺ channels enable Ca²⁺ influx which is balanced by a slight K⁺ efflux.

Only Na⁺ and K⁺ are involved in this action potential, just like a neuron, only it takes longer for the voltage-gated K⁺ channels to open and repolarise the cell.

What do you understand by the following histological components of nervous tissue?

a) Neuropil

b) Leptomeninges

c) Epindymal cells

d) Choroid plexus

e) Dura

Qn 2. Briefly describe the microscopic morphology and major function of the following cells found in nervous tissue?

1. Microglia
2. Astrocytes
3. Multipolar neuron

Qn 3. List the structural elements that may be found in the dorsal root ganglion?

Explain the net glomerular filtration pressure in terms of the three underlying pressures that lead to it. Does the net filtration pressure force fluid into or out of the glomerular capillaries?

Which movement has the greatest range of motion in the ankle joint?

a. dorsiflexion

b. plantarflexion

c. eversion

d. inversion

b) Draw up one COMPLETE work-out for this client targeting Cardio exercise in the Conditioning period. Be sure to include …ITT of the FITT Principle.

2. What process should be implemented immediately after an injury? Why are these initial steps important to the healing process?

Define the load-deformation curve and use it to describe any injury. Be sure to include the terms elastic region, plastic region, elastic limit, ultimate-yield point when describing the load-deformation curve.

1. Think of a meal. Can you identify the primary source of each macronutrient in that meal?

2. Explain in your own words how the products of protein digestion are absorbed from the gut lumen to the capillaries.

3. Why is the formation of micelles an advantage for lipid digestion?

a. The rate of lipid digestion is decreased.

b. The rate of lipid digestion is increased.

c. The release of bile salts is triggered.

4. Into which of the following vessels does lymphatic fluid enter the blood stream?

a. Hepatic portal vein

b. Intestinal capillaries

c. Subclavian vein

As skeletal muscle temperature increases during exercise, what happens to the activity rate of the enzymes involved in ATP resynthesis?

Describe the 2 phases of ventilation: inspiration and expiration. make sure to include activity of muscles involved, the pressure and volume of the lungs during each phase, and sources of neural control for these processes.

Describe the antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions in the function of: salivary glands, gastric and intestinal glands, lung muscle, heart-arterioles, cardiac muscle, urinary bladder and sex organs.

Draw and label the action potential. Indicate steps 1-7 at each point of the Action Potential. Then tell me what happens at each point. Tell me why it is important to know the steps of the Action Potential and how it works, and what it does in the body.