In pathologic conditions where the alveolar membrane is thickened there is little effect on the exchange of carbon dioxide, but oxygen diffusion is impaired. Based on your understanding of the respiratory membrane function, propose an explanation for this phenomenon.

(2pts) Why is alveolar ventilation rate a more important phyisological measure of respiratory function than total air moved into the respiratory passages?

71) Which describes best something that the Pathogens causing Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculi) Malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) and Sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma cruzi) all have in common?

1. The immune system of a healthy patient can easily clear an infection of each
2. Each is capable of using gene switching to evade the immune system of even a healthy patient
3. None of these

72) B cells and T cells are both

1. Lymphocytes
2. B Leukocytes
3. Cells of the renal medulla for the kidney

73) B cells are screened for self reactivity in the

1. Thymus
2. Bursa Bone Marrow
3. Brain
4. Liver

74) T cells are screened for self reactivity in the

      A)Thymus

B) Bone Marrow

      C) Brain

D) Liver

75) Cytokines are_________

A) Molecules that control homeostasis

B) Molecules that control hormone levels

C) Molecules released by Leukocytes (Macrophages and Dendritic cells) to activate and attract Lymphocytes

D) None of these

76) Each Antigen contains multiple epitopes

1. True
2. False

77) Each B or T cell lymphocyte contains many copies of the same Antibody

A) True

B) False

78) Which portion of an Antibody binds the epitope

1. The constant region
2. The variable region
3. The transmembrane region
4. None of these

79) The basic structures of antibodies for B and T cells are different

1. True
2. False

80) Which type of lymphocyte secretes extracellular antibodies?

1. B cells
2. T cells
3. MHC 1              
4. D) Liver cells

Consider the normal path of an ovum as it leaves the ovary and enters the uterine tube.

If ovulation occurs at day 14 of a 28-day cycle, but a woman has conception on day 19 (so conception has occurred in the uterus), what do you think would be the likely series of events to follow?
Would implantation occur?
If it does, what might be the problems, or is it a normal implantation?
Can she have a "tubal" pregnancy?

Draw a concept map over the topic of Alzheimer's Disease. When you draw it, make sure to include Right ventricular hypertrophy in the center, then radiating out from that the 5 following categories:

1. Symptoms

2. Causes

3. Risks

4. Diagnoses

5. Treatments

Then from each of those categories put a few major factors, Then from each of those categories put 1 or 2 specific factors. Then try to connect items from different categories that are somehow related

Describe the reabsorption of filtered sodium and water in the major tubular segments.

In discussing oncology, we find that there are multiple possible types and sources of tumors. Name and discuss five environmental agents that may contribute to cancerous cell growth. How can patients limit their exposure to these agents you list?

In adddition to environmental agents, heredity may also be a factor. What specific types of tumors have been shown to have hereditary links? What might someone at risk do to limit his or her risk from hereditary sources?

There are multiple events that can initiate the release of HCl in the stomach. Two such events are the sight and smell of food. Choose the answer below that is NOT true of this particular phase of gastric acid secretion.  

There are multiple events that can initiate the release of HCl in the stomach. Two such events are the sight and smell of food. Choose the answer below that is NOT true of this particular phase of gastric acid secretion.

Some mountain climbers will take a medication, called acetazolamide (trade name Diamox), starting 24 hours prior to ascending to elevation as a preventative to reduce high altitude sickness. To figure out how this alleviates high altitude sickness, answer the following questions.

1. Around 70% of CO2 is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions. Draw this reaction.
2. Acetazolamide inhibits the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and H2O and the dissociated ions of carbonic acid (bicarbonate and H+). What effect would this have on blood pH, blood PO2, and blood PCO2?
3. Acetazolamide triggers the kidneys to excrete bicarbonate and increase the respiratory rate. What effect would this have on blood pH, blood PO2, and blood PCO2?
4. Based on these answers, how does this help to prevent high altitude sickness?

During Endochondral ossification

answer the following question: (Describe, briefly, at least 2 diseases that stop or delay nerve impulse conduction) ?

please, don't answer in pic. write it..thx

If the partial pressure of O2 is 75 inside the blood, and the partial pressure inside the lungs is 50, oxygen will flow out of the lungs.

True/False

Residual volume is also called physiological dead space.

True/False

Which is the first event that occurs during inspiration?

A. The diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles move the chest wall up and out.

B. The lungs go inward before they inflate.

C. Intra-Alveolar pressure is decreased.

D. Atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs.

A tracheostomy allows air to bypass an obstruction.

True/False

The larynx contains the _____.

Stratified squamous epithelium

Ciliated columnar epithelium

Loose connective tissue

Vocal cords

The sensors that detect oxygen levels are found in the carotid arteries and the lungs.

True/False