A patient has a heart murmur that occurs after the first heart sound. Given the fact that the problem is on the right side of the heart, explain in detail a possible cause of the murmur in terms of the events of the cardiac cycle.

1. Consider the fatty acid C24:2 (D^{8, 15})

Break down this fatty acid.  Show all the products made and the enzymes needed for any non-normal b oxidation step. With explanation

Trace the path of a single erythrocyte through the heart from Superior Vena Cava to Aorta. Describe the characteristics of each chamber as the erythrocyte passes through. For each feature mentioned, include its location and a brief comment describing its function. Use terms like endocardium, myocardium, the names of great vessels, auricle, papillary muscle, pectinate muscle, types/names of valves, fossa ovalis, chordae tendineae, interventricular septum. (Note: Include the pulmonary circuit in your path, but do not detail the pulmonary circuit characteristics or vessels other than those directly attached to the heart.)

A healthy college student from Boston went to Colorado over Spring Break for a vacation. While there, she drove to the top of Pike’s Peak, a tall mountain. During her first hour on the peak, she walked around, but had to sit and rest three times. The last time was in the weather station. She noticed the barometer in the station read 600 mm Hg (total Atm pressure). Explain two physiological responses that would increase the amount of oxygen delivered to her tissues.

Need detailed answers please.

Explain how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. (Note, this is asking for the HOW, not the WHY.)

Need detailed answers please.

PATHOLOGY 5-3 CEREBRAL PALSY

Prescribing exercise intensity can be achieved using many physiological variables. One of the most useful manners may be to use respiratory gas exchange measurements. First describe exercise intensity zones based upon ventilatory equivalents. Then relate the following: heart-rate zones, lactate threshold(s), and VO2max to these zones created using ventilatory equivalents.

Prescribing exercise intensity can be achieved using many physiological variables. One of the most useful manners may be to use respiratory gas exchange measurements. First describe exercise intensity zones based upon ventilatory equivalents. Then relate the following: heart-rate zones, lactate threshold(s), and VO2max to these zones created using ventilatory equivalents.

Differentiate between humoral and cellular immunity. Include what cells they use and the steps they take to protect the body from infection. I want a detailed accounting of what happens when both types encounter an antigen

The Patient:

Mathew Miller is a 7-day-old infant that is rushed to the emergency room by his parents Emma and Jacob Miller, Mennonites from Lancaster County, PA. Emma’s pregnancy and delivery with Mathew was normal but he started having trouble nursing and now has completely stopped feeding. By the time they reach the emergency room Mathew’s limbs were rigid and he had had a seizure.

The initial examination showed no infection and his x-rays were normal. The family history collected by the Doctor revealed that Emma and Jacob had had a previous son, Samuel that died at 9 days-of-age. There also is a history of unexplained childhood mortality on both sides of the family; Emma’s mother had two sisters who died in the first year of their lives and Jacob’s father had a sister who died at 7 months of age. Emma also points out to the Doctor that Mathew’s diaper has a funny smell to it. Blood and urine samples were taken for testing and skin biopsies from Mathew, Emma, and Jacob were taken and tested for enzyme activity. The tests results showed that:

• Mathew’s urine had elevated levels of the branched chain amino acids and their α-keto acid derivatives (which caused the sweet smell in his diapers)
• Both Emma and Jacob’s skin biopsies had nearly normal levels of branched chain amino acid metabolism/enzyme activity
• Mathew’s enzyme activity was less than 2% of normal

Question 1:

What is the most likely diagnosis for Mathew?

A.         Argininemia

B.         Diabetes mellitus

C.         Maple syrup urine disease

D.         Phenylketonuria

Susan is a 67-year-old white female who works part-time at the library and volunteers at least 10 hours per week. She and her husband live in a two-story home; her children and grandchildren visit every 6 months. She and her husband travel at least twice per year. She participates in water aerobics and yoga 4 days per week for 1 hour each. She will eat lunch at casual dining restaurants at least four times per week. She consumes three meals per day but is not eating as much due to recovering from a wrist fracture from a fall that happened 2 months ago. For breakfast, she will have ¾ cup of high-fiber cereal with ½ cup skim milk. For lunch, a heavy salad (chicken, cheese, romaine lettuce, vegetables) with light dressing, 1 slice of bread or a roll, and 4 ounces of wine. At dinner, she will have a big bowl of thickened soup/stew with bread or 2–3 ounces of fatty fish or meat, 1 cup of salad with light dressing, vegetables, and 4 ounces of wine. She tries to avoid milk-based foods due to the gas and bloating it causes and also tries to eat low-fat/low-salt to avoid gaining weight and increasing her blood pressure. She has no issues with chewing/swallowing or bowels aside from when eating milk-based foods. From her fall, the doctors performed a bone mineral density exam, in which her T-scores are as follows: for the hip: 1.7 (normal is > –1.0); for a vertebra: –2.6 (normal is > –2.5). Susan’s serum vitamin D level is 23 nmol/L. Her doctor has placed her on an over-the-counter 500-mg calcium with vitamin D supplement. She has prehypertension (average blood pressure of 128/92) and refuses to take any hypertension medications. She has lost 5 pounds over the past 2 months.

Height: 5’6”, weight: 122 pounds, weight history: 127 pounds (2 months ago)

Questions

1. What do her lab values lead you to believe about her bone status?
2. What is her BMI? What is her BMI classification?
3. Is her weight loss a concern to you? Why or why not?
4. What additional questions would you ask Susan regarding her nutritional intake?
5. What are Susan’s calorie, macronutrient, and micronutrient needs?
6. What are your diet recommendations for Susan?
7. What are your nutritional goals for Susan?

Detail how blood pressure is taken and provide normal blood pressure values. In your narrative, answer the following:

-What role do the sounds of Korotkoff play in determining blood pressure values?

-How does position impact blood pressure readings?

-How can exercise alter blood pressure values both immediately and long term?

In a narrative format, compare and contrast hypertension vs. hypotension. In your answer, be sure to describe blood pressure, how blood pressure is determined, and normal blood pressure values. In your comparison of these two conditions, be sure to include the following:

-Blood pressure value ranges for these conditions

-Causes of the conditions

-Treatments for the conditions

-Details regarding if certain individuals may be more susceptible to these afflictions than others

Walking along the beach you stand on a sharp bit of glass that cuts your foot. Based on the systems we have covered in the unit, describe and explain the short-term sensory, autonomic and motor mechanisms that would be triggered by this injury.

3. In detail, describe an ectopic pregnancy. In your narrative, be sure to answer the following:

-What causes an ectopic pregnancy to occur?

-Is an ectopic pregnancy viable?

-What treatments/procedures are necessary in the case of an ectopic pregnancy?