When genes are on the X or Y chromosomes, they are considered X-linked.

True or false?

2 Example of these pairs:

In myeloid cells, pair of cell types; one being a circulating form and the other is similar, but a resident tissue version

1. The T wave in an ECG signifies atrial depolarization.

True

False

2. All cardiac cells are self-excitable.

True

False

3. The brain causes the heart to beat.

True

False

4. An ECG can predict whether you're going to have a heart attack up to 30 minutes after having an ECG.

True

False

1. Receives blood from the coronary sinus

(Choice option)

Pectinate muscle

Aorta

Mitral valve

Right ventricle           

Left atrium            

Right atrium           

Left ventricle           

Papillary muscle      

2. Discharges blood to the pulmonary arteries

(Choice option)

Pectinate muscle

Aorta

Mitral valve

Right ventricle           

Left atrium            

Right atrium           

Left ventricle           

Papillary muscle      

3. Passes blood from the heart to the rest of the body

(Choice option)

Pectinate muscle

Aorta

Mitral valve

Right ventricle           

Left atrium            

Right atrium           

Left ventricle           

Papillary muscle      

14. A sarcomere is very stretched, will it create a lot of force?

15. A sarcomere has optimal overlap, how much force (maximum, middle, minimum) would it generate? 16. Would a smooth muscle function properly if there was not enough Ca++ in the ECF? Explain.

1. What would happen if at rest, there was no concentration gradient for Na+ or K+?
2. You have a muscular dysfunction that lacks T-tubules.  How might this affect muscle contraction?
3. You have a muscular dysfunction that lacks sarcoplasmic reticulum.  How might this affect muscle contraction?
4. You have a muscular dysfunction that lacks voltage-gated channels.  How might this affect muscle contraction?
5. You have a muscular dysfunction that lacks chemically-gated channels.  How might this affect muscle contraction?
6. If tropomyosin is never moved off actin, what would be the result?
7. If you died, why would you develop rigor mortis?
8. All of the motor units in the fingers were very large (many muscle fibers per motor unit.  How would this affect function?
9. If the calcium (Ca++) pumps did not function how would this affect muscles?
10. What would be an issue if all skeletal muscles relied on anaerobic metabolism instead of aerobic?
11. Oh no! All of the muscle fibers in your legs are fast glycolytic.  How would this affect how your legs function?

T/F questions

1. Thalassemia results in low oxygen levels because RBCs are prematurely destroyed and the person produces less hemoglobin than normal.

2. Cancer could come back after a stem cell transplant because cancerous blood cells might have been in the tissues and not killed before the transplant.

3. Blood transfusion reactions always result in kidney failure.

O. M. is a 6-year-old child at a freestanding emergency room. Per the mother, O.M. is complaining of being tired, sleeping at night with several naps in the day, and her appetite is decreasing. The mother reports an uneventful pregnancy and delivery; O.M. has met her milestones, and immunizations are up to date. Her parents and younger brother are healthy. Paternal grandfather died of colorectal cancer in his 70s. She has no medical history and has no medication.  

All vital signs are normal except for an elevated heart rate and she is minimally underweight.

All assessment findings are normal with the exception of:

·        Skin pale but warm and dry

·        Bruising over the buttocks and left flank

·        Noted oral mucous membranes with petechiae

·         Mild enlarged, cervical, submaxillary, inguinal nodes

·        Presence of hepatosplenomegaly

Blood work:

Hemoglobin decreased

Hematocrit decreased

RBC count decreased

WBC 13,100/mm3

Neutrophils 58%

WBC differential identifies 11% are blast cells

Platelet count 30,000/mm3

PT/PTT normal

Later results:

Bone marrow aspirate: 94% blast cells, 3% erythroblasts, 3% all other cells.

Reverse Transcriptase - Polymerase Chain Reaction: positive TEL-AMI fusion gene. No other abnormality.

Chest x-ray: Normal

Lumbar puncture: Cerebral spinal fluid normal

Immunology: positive for cytoplasmic µ heavy chain protein

1. Explain the genetic implications and risk factors in the development of Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia
2. Explain the pathophysiologic or physiologic response leading to O.M. being tired, sleepy, and decreased appetite.
3. What other patient information would you have wanted to have a clearer understanding of the patient?
4. Provide examples of chemical exposures, environmental hazards, or antigens that may lead to leukemia
5. What is the prevalence of childhood ALL?

Which one of the following statements is not correct?

1. In one paragraph (or more), discuss the role of Actin and Myosin in a muscle contraction. Include the proteins troponin and tropomyosin in your discussion.

2. In the second paragraph, discuss the major events of muscle contraction and relaxation.

3. Discuss what an agonist, antagonist, and synergists mean and give an example for each.  

Describe the myenteric plexus below. When it becomes activated what is the major physiological response? When would this plexus be activated?

True or False:

1. In an individual human, the pattern of gene expression is identical across all different types of somatic cells

2. The stem cell potential of a fertilized human egg is pluripotent

3. In an individual human, different types of somatic cells have the same genome.

How are the mircroscopic histolgocial physical traits that are unqiue to smooth muscle, a reflection of the functions of cardiac muscle tissue?