The most superior portion of the breastbone is called the __________.

1. Describe the differences in transduction for steroid versus amino acid and peptide hormones. Describe at least one second messenger pathway in detail.

The three main cells that make up the taste bud are the basal cells, supporting cells, and the gustatory cells.

True or False

The Primary Auditory Area uses the location of the auditory receptors to determine the _______, and the frequency of action potentials to determine the _______.

A. loudness; pitch

B. pitch; direction of the sound

C. pitch; loudness

D. direction of the sound; pitch

E. loudness; direction

F. direction; loudness

how does the loop of henle create a concentration gradient in the mammalian kidney?

Which nerve fiber tract sends orders from the Primary Motor Area to the somatic motorneurons?

A. Spinocerebellar

B. Dorsal (White) Columns

C. Extrapyramidal

D. Pyramidal

E. Spinothalamic

5). How can the sympathetic division cause smooth muscle to relax in some organs but cause smooth muscle to contract in other organs?

6). Nociceptors are tonic rather than phasic receptors. Speculate on why this is beneficial to homeostasis in humans.

7). How does the function of the semicircular canals differ from the function of the saccule & utricle of the vestibule?

8). Describe an advantage & a disadvantage for cone cell vision. Describe an advantage & a disadvantage for rod cell vision.

Cardiac muscle cells cannot fire an action potential until the muscle has relaxed from the previous beat. From this you know that

Select one:

a. Ligand-gated sodium channels remain closed until calcium is pumped away from the sarcomeres

b. Voltage-gated sodium channels must be inactivated until calcium is pumped away from the sarcomeres.

c. Ligand-gated potassium channels remain open until calcium is pumped away from the sarcomeres.

d. Voltage-gated potassium channels must not open until calcium is pumped away from the sarcomeres

1. Which of the following is the normal variability in peak torque between right and left limbs in individuals with no previous or current injury, and not engaged in a unilateral sport, such as tennis?

Up to a 10-15% difference between limbs

Up to a 2% difference between limbs

Up to a 25-30% difference between limbs

Up to a 5% difference between limbs

2. What type of flow-volume loop would you expect in an individual with asthma who is experiencing bronchoconstriction?

Normal shape but lower maximal volume

Concave shape

Convex shape

Convex shape and lower maximal volume

3. Which of the following best describes the relationships between physical activity, physical fitness, and risk of premature mortality from all causes?

Increased physical activity reduces risk of premature mortality, but physical fitness does not affect risk of premature mortality.

Increased physical activity and/or increased physical fitness reduce risk of premature mortality.

Increased physical fitness reduces risk of premature mortality, but physical activity does not affect risk of premature mortality.

Neither physical activity nor physical fitness affect risk of premature mortality.

4. Which balance assessment would be most appropriate to assess fall risk for a healthy, 80 year-old individual who lives independently?

Y-balance test

None of the choices listed

Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale

Balance Error Scoring System (BESS)

What is an endocrine disrupter? Give six examples. Pick two of the examples and describe the birth defects associated with the them, what is the molecular mechanism? What steps should pregnant women take to avoid the effects?

What is the split gal4 system? Why is it needed to label some cell types? Describe an experiment that combines split gal4 with scRNA-seq to precisely define cell identities in the drosophila brain. Describe the protocol of the experiment in detail.

Describe 4 different “first-line” defensive mechanisms present in the tissue.

Given the above tissue types, what tissue type do you think a virus like nCov-19 would infect?

Describe some of the secondary lines of defense in the body that would activate after a viral infection.

Skin:

Mouth:

Oropharynx:

Bronchi:

Alveoli:

Esophagus:

Stomach:

Small Intestine:

Urethra:

Given the above tissue types, what tissue type do you think a virus like nCov-19 would infect?

Explain how the movement of NaCl and water in the ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle work as a countercurrent system. Use a diagram to help explain this.

1. Which of the following pulmonary measurements will be most affected in an individual with COPD?

a.) SVC

b.) Percentage of the FVC that can be exhaled in 1 sec (FEV1/FVC)

c.) Total lung capacity

d.) Tidal Volume

2. The Biodex Balance System may be used to assess

a.) Two of the choices listed

b.) All the the choices listed

c.) balance deficits associated with a head injury.

d.) risk of falling.

e.) unilateral postural stability on an unstable surface.

3. If your client fails to fully exhale while being weighed underwater, what effect will this have on the calculated body fat percentage?

a.) Body fat percentage will be underestimated.

b.) Body fat percentage will be overestimated.

c.) No effect on body fat percentage

d.) Body fat percentage will be overestimated in women and underestimated in men.

4. Which of the following balance assessments include activities of daily living?

a.) Berg Balance Scale

b.) Limits of stability assessment on the Biodex Balance System

c.) Balance Error Scoring System

d.) Y-balance test