Bower is a 3-year –old male English Pointer who presented with weakness and difficulty rising. He also recently developed a very red and sore area across the top of his nose. Bover had a slight fever, significant muscle atrophy, enlarged peripheral lymph nodes and an erythematous lesion on the dorsum of his nose.

He had an increased plasma protein concentration (8.0 g/dL), a high white blood cell count (18 X 10³ /ul), high numbers of neutrophils within joint fluids (no microorganisms cultured) consistent with immune-mediate inflammation. An antinuclear antibody (ANA) test was performed with a titer of 640 (positive is greater than 100). Antigen-antibody complexes (anti-C3 and anti-IgG) were also observed at the dermal-epidermal junctions of Bower’s nasal lesion.

What is the diagnosis? Explain your reasoning (4 pts)

What is the treatment (2 pts)

Describe the pathogenesis of this immunological disease (4 pts)

what is the fascicle orientation/arrangement of the following muscles?

1. Gluteus Maximus ?

2. semimembranosus?

3. semitendinosus?

4. bicep femoris?

5. vastus medialis?

6. vastus intermedius?

7. vastus lateralis?

8. gastrocnemius?

9. soleus?

10. tibialis anterior?

11> gracilis?

12. iliac?

13. Psoas major?

14. adductor longus?

15. Adductor Magnus?

16. Adductor brevis?

17 tricep brachii?

18. serratus anterior?

19. trapezius?

20. Latissumus dorsi?

21. Rhomboids?

22. Teres major?

23. obliques?

24. Flexor digitorum profundus?

25. Flexor digitorum superficilais?

26. Flexor pollicis longus?

Do you think that a patient should retain all rights to their cells or DNA during medical procedures?

Compare and contrast the auditory and gustatory pathways. Start with explaining how stimuli are molecularly detected by the receptor cells and how the membrane potentials are depolarized. Discuss what triggers the action potentials of the sensory neurons and state which cranial nerves relay the action potential to the brainstem. Name the first nuclei in the brainstem (name the region of the brainstem) that form synapses with the central sensory neurons. Trace the rest of the pathways to the primary sensory cortex where the awareness of the special sensory stimuli occurs (name the lobe of the brain).

Which of the following statements does not describe the classical activation pathway of complement?

A) Initiation of the classical pathway of the complement system requires formation of an antibody antigen complex.

B) The classical pathway results in complement activation of the inflammatory response only.

C) The classical pathway converges with the alternative pathway, resulting in the same possible complement-mediated immune responses.

D) The classical pathway is an example of an adaptive immune response.

Diagram and describe the oxidative energy system. Be detailed in where the various steps in the aerobic process occur and give an ATP accounting for all major steps.

Starting with 1 glycogen molecule, diagram the glycolytic energy system. Include all the major enzymes (enzymes that we have highlighted), steps and products. Be detailed in where this occurs in the muscle cell and give an accounting of all major steps.

We all know there are different classifications of joints within the human body (e.g. ball and socket, hinge, pivot, fibrous, etc.). Why the variety? What if the joints between skull bones had more flexibility? It could be beneficial in the event of brain bleeds/swelling, right? Please give me an example or two of a specific joint, name its classification, and explain the current function and why that joint type is a good or poor fit for that body part/location/function/movement. Then imagine a different joint type in its place that would improve, or change, the current function/movement. You may substitute with a known joint type, invent your own joint type, or create a hybrid; it’s up to you.

Describe ten types of Central Nervous System Agents and their mechanism of action on neurotransmitters

1. Explain how mechanical digestion enhances chemical digestion.

2. Explain how the structure of the small intestine enhances its function.

5. List the locations in the alimentary canal where chemical digestion takes place. Include the food substrate hydrolyzed in each location.

2. Draw the visceral surface of the liver and show the ligaments and vessels on your drawing.

Discuss the changes in the cardiovascular and respiratory system during and just after a 100 meters sprint, in the context of

1. Changes occur compared to resting
2. Interactions between these systems
3. What are the local regulatory mechanisms and how those respond to exercise?

• Keep your answer under 1500 characters (spaces not included).
• You can use/draw a diagram or figure in addition to your answer.