1. Immune system is an important system in the body. Discuss the followings:
1) The role of antibodies and antigens in blood typing?
2) The types of immunity in relation to disease protection? .
2. Is there any other factor besides the nephron which control the reabsorption of water and certain molecules for osmoregulation? Substantiate your answer with reasons? .
3. Analyze the specific role of liver in each of the following: 1. Carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, 2. Processing of drugs and hormones, 3. Excretion of bilirubin, 4. Synthesis of bile salts and 5 Activation of vitamin D? .
In: Anatomy and Physiology
The partition that separates the two lateral ventricles is called the:
| a. |
wall of Sylvius |
|
| b. |
septum of Monro |
|
| c. |
septum pellucidum |
|
| d. |
septum ventriculus |
In: Anatomy and Physiology
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Describe how the kidneys convert filtrate in the nephron into dilute or concentrated urine by tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion (include the importance of the nephron loop and the hormonal regulation of urine concentration). please describe in essay form
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Chief Complaint: 8-year-old girl with excessive thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss.
History: Cindy Mallon, an 8-year-old girl in previously good health, has noticed that, in the past month, she is increasingly thirsty. She gets up several times a night to urinate, and finds herself gulping down glassfuls of water. At the dinner table, she seems to be eating twice as much as she used to, yet she has lost 5 pounds in the past month. In the past three days, she has become nauseated, vomiting on three occasions, prompting a visit to her pediatrician.
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Questions
1. At the doctor's office, blood and urine samples are taken. The following lab results are noted:
|
blood glucose level = 545 mg/dl |
(normal = 50 - 170 mg/dl) |
|
urine = tested positive for glucose and for acetone / acetoacetate (i.e. ketone bodies) (normally urine is free of glucose and ketone bodies) Question 1: How will the urinary system attempt to rectify Cindy’s decreased blood pH? Be specific. In her mid-forties, Cindy began to show early signs of diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease), consisting of persistent proteinuria, hypertension, and gradually decreasing renal function as measured by chemical tests. She nonetheless felt fairly healthy over the next 10 years. At age 55, however, she has noticed becoming increasingly fatigued upon mild physical exertion and requiring more sleep than previously. In addition, she has generally felt nauseated most of the time, and in the past two weeks, has vomited on several occasions. She has increased swelling in her ankles, and is short of breath. She has also become less responsive over the past day or so. Laboratory tests reveal that her kidney disease is now progressing at a much faster rate: BUN (blood urea nitrogen) = 56 mg / dl
(normal = 10 - 20 mg /
dl) Cindy is advised by her physician that her kidneys are failing. She is informed about treatment options: hemodialysis vs. continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) vs. kidney transplant. In consultation with her physician, Cindy chooses to undergo hemodialysis. A checkup two weeks after beginning dialysis reveals the BUN has decreased to 35 mg / dl. Although hemodialysis is fairly effective, it is not fool-proof. For example, patients with chronic renal failure, despite a regular schedule of hemodialysis, will experience disruptions in calcium and phosphate balance. Question 2: How might the endocrine system compensate for the change in blood calcium levels? |
|
In: Anatomy and Physiology
The most superior portion of the breastbone is called the __________.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
In: Anatomy and Physiology
The three main cells that make up the taste bud are the basal cells, supporting cells, and the gustatory cells.
True or False
In: Anatomy and Physiology
The Primary Auditory Area uses the location of the auditory receptors to determine the _______, and the frequency of action potentials to determine the _______.
A. loudness; pitch
B. pitch; direction of the sound
C. pitch; loudness
D. direction of the sound; pitch
E. loudness; direction
F. direction; loudness
In: Anatomy and Physiology
how does the loop of henle create a concentration gradient in the mammalian kidney?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Which nerve fiber tract sends orders from the Primary Motor Area to the somatic motorneurons?
A. Spinocerebellar
B. Dorsal (White) Columns
C. Extrapyramidal
D. Pyramidal
E. Spinothalamic
In: Anatomy and Physiology
5). How can the sympathetic division cause smooth muscle to relax in some organs but cause smooth muscle to contract in other organs?
6). Nociceptors are tonic rather than phasic receptors. Speculate on why this is beneficial to homeostasis in humans.
7). How does the function of the semicircular canals differ from the function of the saccule & utricle of the vestibule?
8). Describe an advantage & a disadvantage for cone cell vision. Describe an advantage & a disadvantage for rod cell vision.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Cardiac muscle cells cannot fire an action potential until the muscle has relaxed from the previous beat. From this you know that
Select one:
a. Ligand-gated sodium channels remain closed until calcium is pumped away from the sarcomeres
b. Voltage-gated sodium channels must be inactivated until calcium is pumped away from the sarcomeres.
c. Ligand-gated potassium channels remain open until calcium is pumped away from the sarcomeres.
d. Voltage-gated potassium channels must not open until calcium is pumped away from the sarcomeres
In: Anatomy and Physiology
1. Which of the following is the normal variability in peak torque between right and left limbs in individuals with no previous or current injury, and not engaged in a unilateral sport, such as tennis?
Up to a 10-15% difference between limbs
Up to a 2% difference between limbs
Up to a 25-30% difference between limbs
Up to a 5% difference between limbs
2. What type of flow-volume loop would you expect in an individual with asthma who is experiencing bronchoconstriction?
Normal shape but lower maximal volume
Concave shape
Convex shape
Convex shape and lower maximal volume
3. Which of the following best describes the relationships between physical activity, physical fitness, and risk of premature mortality from all causes?
Increased physical activity reduces risk of premature mortality, but physical fitness does not affect risk of premature mortality.
Increased physical activity and/or increased physical fitness reduce risk of premature mortality.
Increased physical fitness reduces risk of premature mortality, but physical activity does not affect risk of premature mortality.
Neither physical activity nor physical fitness affect risk of premature mortality.
4. Which balance assessment would be most appropriate to assess fall risk for a healthy, 80 year-old individual who lives independently?
Y-balance test
None of the choices listed
Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale
Balance Error Scoring System (BESS)
In: Anatomy and Physiology