Walk through a signal propagation from beginning to end. Also, include +30mV, -60mV, -70mV, -80mV, resting, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, absolute refractory & relative refractory period, all-or-none principle, neurotransmitter, threshold.

1. Which of the following pertains to what happens when the diaphragm, external intercostal, scalene, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior and sternocleidomastoid muscles contract?

A. This occurs during forced inhalation. The sum of Tidal volume and inspiratory reserve cvolume of air inspired.

B. This occurs during foced inhalation. Tidal volume measeures the total volume of air inspired.

C. This occurs during foced exhalation. ERV measures the total volume of air expired.

D. This occurs during forced exhalation. VC measures the volume of air forcefully expired.

2. Normal healthy people breath due to______________.

A. A hypercapnic drive

B. A hypocapnic drive

C. A hypoxic drive

3. Breathing 100% oxygen will?

A. Significantly increase oxyhemoglobin saturation

B. Increase pO2 and the rate of oxygen unlodaing at the tissues

C. Cause a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglbin dissociation curve

4. Low blood levels of 02 augment chemoreceptor sensitvity to pCO2. How would low p02 effect respiratory rate?

A. It would increase Respiratoy Rate

B. It would decrease Repsiratoy Rate

5.All of the folloiwng play a role in increasing the oxygen unloading at tissue in someone with iron deficiency anemia Except:

A. Respriatory acidosis

B. An icnrease in 2-3 DPG

C. An increase in deoxyhemoglobin

D. The affinity of 2-4 DPG for hemoglobin.

Name two endocrine hormones that affect separate body systems. Name the tissue/organ that they target and the effects

What differences are there between a free living, single celled organism such as a paramecium and a single human cell such as a ciliated cell of the respiratory tract?

An individual finds that they have high blood pressure. Explain two different responses (from different body systems) that their body will have in order to try and maintain homeostasis

Q2. Describe the basic four layers of the wall of the digestive tract. Be sure to include tissue types found there and the function of the layer.

Mucosa – Absorption and secretion

• Epithelium
• Lamina Propria
• Muscularis mucosae

Submucosa – Supports mucosa

Muscularis Externa – Motility that propels food and residual through the digestive tract

• Inner circular layer
• Outer longitudinal layer

Serosa – Secretion of fluid that reduces the friction from the muscle movement

• Areolar tissue
• Mesothelium

Q3. Though that basic pattern above is followed throughout most of the digestive tract, there are a few places where we see deviations. Identify two areas with variations in this pattern and describe the differences seen.

Animal Physiology Questions

1. Why do most multicellular organisms require more than just diffusion to facilitate gas exchange? What is the other process called? Name all the places in our body where these two different processes occur (i.e. where do we get diffusion and where do we get the other process).
2. Explain the sigmoidal shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve for vertebrate hemoglobin. Why does the myoglobin oxygen equilibrium curve look different? If you were to draw these curves graphically, what would be on the x-axis? What would be on the y-axis?

1. Discuss the structural organization of lipoprotein particles such as HDL, LDL or VLDL. List all of the biomolecules found in each and describe their function in the particle. How does their structure facilitate the function of the particles? What does each do? (9 points).

2. Find three diseases in humans where there is a metabolic defect that results in an inability to process or metabolize specific
3. Lipids
4. Proteins or amino acids
5. Fats (lipids)

For each disease, explain the pathophysiology of the disease and the symptoms that an individual with the disease experiences. (9 points)

3. In the scientific literature, find a clinical trial that is prospective randomized as well as placebo-controlled. List the reference for the paper and explain the method of how the scientists randomized the trial and what the treatment groups were. Did the trial you found have any other features such as being a crossover trial or being blinded. (Extra credit is possible if you find these additional features). (10 points)

4. Technetium 99m and fluorodeoxyglucose are two radioisotopes frequently utilized in clinical medicine. Find two specific applications (tests or treatments) for each and describe how they are utilized. (8 points)

5. Describe how DNA is organized such that 46 chromosomes with approximately 3 billion bases are able to fit in the limited space of the nucleus of a cell. In addition, how does transcriptionally active DNA differ from DNA that is not being transcribed? (6 points)

Trace a drop of blood beginning in the right renal vein, until it reaches the left basilic vein at the wrist.  Before reaching its final destination, the drop of blood must first pass through the right dorsalis pedis artery.

List the final steps in a numbered format.

There are five stages of bone remodeling. They are the resting stage, bone resorption, transition, bone formation/deposition and mineralization. Define each stage to create a timeline of bone remodeling. Include the terms osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes.