39. Which of the following is true about cleavage of the zygote? a. each cells division results in smaller cells b. the cells resulting from cleavage are diploid (contain a maternal and paternal set of chromosomes) c. both statements are true d. neither statement is true

40. Which of the following is not true about implantation? a. would normally occur about 7 days after ovulation b. would normall occurs about 6 days after fertilization c. would normally occur about 21 days into the mentrual cycle d. requires attachment of the blastocycst to the endometrium e. usually occurs in the uterine (Fallopian) tube

41. An ectopic pregnancy is a. when the fetus is born feet first b. when the fetus is born prematurely c. any pregnancy resulting in twins or multiple births d. any pregnancy which lasts more than 40 weeks e. development of the embryo or fetus outside the uterine cavity

42. The gestation period in humans is about a. 9 hours b. 24 hours c. 48 hours d. 7 days e. 14 days f. 28 days g. none of the above

During a family vacation, the Densmores were struck by a transfer truck which destroyed
their car. Luckily, the family survived with what seemed like superficial wounds, except for Mrs.
Densmore who appeared to suffer from ‘whiplash injury’. As the days passed, Mrs. Densmore
began to suffer neuromuscular symptoms. She exhibited a profound tilting of the head to the
right side of her body. Other tests by an orthopedic physician indicated partial paralysis of the
right sternocleidomastoid muscle. Subsequent x-rays revealed two displaced cervical vertebrae
that were placing pressure on the rootlets of one of her cranial nerves. After surgery to realign
the vertebrae and physical therapy, the symptoms partially disappeared within weeks and were
almost entirely reversed within a few weeks.

question:

4.   In Case Study 4, Mrs. Densmore only suffered issues to her sternocleidomastoid muscle. What other problems might be seen in someone with damage to that nerve?

94.) The small fold of tissue that secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth is called

the lingual philtrum

the lingual frenulum

uvula

the labial frenulum

95.) Extrinsic salivary glands differ from intrinsic salivary glands because

intrinsic glands are completely within the mouth and are regulated by the somatic (voluntary) nervous system

extrinsic glands are outside the mouth and are regulated by the somatic (voluntary) nervous system

extrinsic glands are outside the mouth and are regulated by the autonomic nervous system

extrinsic glands are completely within the mouth and are regulated by the autonomic nervous system

96.) The microscopic functional units of the liver, endocrine pancreas and exocrine pancreas are called_____

the hepatic triade, the acinus and the islet of Langerhans

the acinus, the lobule and the islet of Langerhans

the islet of Langerhans, the lobule and the acinus

the lobule, the islet of Langerhans and the acinus

97.) __________ is an overabundance of billirubin (a bile pigment) in the blood.

Jaundice

Hepatitis

Cirrhosis

Ureamia

Pancreatitis

98.) Pancreatic zymogens are primarily activated in the duodenum by

the alkaline pH found in the duodenum

Pepsinogen from chief cells

the acidic pH found in the duodenum

the brush boarder enzyme enterokinase

zymogens don’t need to be activated as they are already functional

88.) Why is the pancreas both an endocrine and an exocrine gland?

It secretes insulin through the pancreatic duct and bile into the blood.

It secretes CCK through the pancreatic duct and insulin into the blood.

It secretes insulin through the pancreatic duct and CCK into the blood.

It secretes pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct and insulin into the blood.

It secretes bile through the pancreatic duct and insulin into the blood.

89.) Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

It produces bile.

It removes poisonous substances from the blood and detoxifies them.

It secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

It removes iron and certain vitamins from the blood and stores them.

It helps regulate blood cholesterol levels.

90.) What prevents acid from backing up into the esophagus from the stomach?

adventitia

rugae

pyloric sphincter

lower esophageal sphincter

92.) Which type of gastric gland cell secretes pepsinogen?

mucus

gastric pit stem cells

chief

enteroendocrine

parietal

93.) The _______ sphincter is considered to be a physiological sphincter because _____________

lower esophageal: it has obvious circular muscles that remain contracted at death

pyloric; it has no obvious thickening of muscle and it relaxes completely at death

lower esophageal: it has no obvious thickening of muscle and it relaxes completely at death

ileocecal; it has obvious circular muscles that remain contracted at death

pyloric: it has obvious circular muscles that remain contracted at death

31. Which of the following is not true about hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)? a. secretion of hCG helps maintain the corpus luteum b. secretion of hCG inhibits secretion of GnRH and FSH c. secretion of hCH promotes mentruation d. secreted by the implanted embryo

32. If peak estrogen and progesterone levels were maintained past the normal luteal stage, this would not result in which of the following? a. more severe endometrial shedding (heavier periods) b. continued suppression of GnRH secretion c. continued suppression of FSH secretion d. suppression of new follicle development

33. Peak estrogen and progesterone levels maintained past normal luteal stage would be associated with a. embryo development b. menstruation c. ovulation d. menopause e. primary follicle development

34. Which of the following is part of the primary follicle? a. corpus luteum b. corpus albicans c. ovum d. primary oocyte e. secondary oocyte

18. A high rate of increase in LH promotes which two of the following: a. development of the primary follicle b. shedding of the endometrium c. initial growth of the endometrium d. ovulation e. development of the corpus luteum

19-25. Match the following with the time intervals in the uterine cycle: (a) days 1-5, (b) days 6-14, (c) days 14-16, (d) days 15-23

19. ____ shedding of the endometrial lining of the uterus

20. ____ development of the corpus luteum

21. ____ minimum amount of estrogen in the blood

22. ____ ovulation

23. ____ significant progesterone secretion

24. ____ proliferative phase of the endometrium

25. ____ secretory phase of the endometrium

83.) Bile is forced up the cystic duct through the closing of the

sphincter of Oddi (hepatopancreatic)

ileocecal valve.

lower esophageal sphincter.

pyloric sphincter.

84.) Which of the following is the primary effect of CCK?

stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes

stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice

stimulates contraction of the gall bladder

inhibits gastric motility

85.) Which of the following is the primary effect of gastrin?

stimulates gastric stem cells to become mucosal cells

stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice enzymes

stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl

stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen

86.) The arrival of chyme into the duodenum begins the _______ phase of digestion.

hepatic

gastric

cephalic

intestinal

87.) The thick, soupy liquid of partially digested food that leaves the stomach is called

bolus.

lipase.

chyme.

pepsin.

lacteal.

5. Which of the following is the function of the acrosome of the sperm?

a. fuses with the chromosomes of the egg b. propels the sperm

c. contains the mitochondria of the sperm d. digests the coating of the secondary ooctye

e. fuses with the endometrium

6. The muscular layer of the uterus is the

a. peritoneum b. stratum basale c. stratum functionalis d. endometrium

e. myometrium

7. The stratum basale and stratum functionalis are divisions of the

a. ovary b. endometrium c. myometrium d. corpus luteum e. zona pellucida

8. Which of the above must sperm penetrate to enter the secondary oocyte?

78.) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by __________ cells.

enteroendocrine

chief

mucous

regenerative (stem)

parietal

79.) Several digestive enzymes (proteases) are secreted as zymogens because __________.

gastric cells do not have the necessary enzymes for their synthesis

it saves one step in their synthesis

they will act only in the stomach lumen and will not digest intracellular proteins

they start digesting intracellular proteins of the gastric cells more quickly

they can start digesting dietary proteins more quickly

80.) A hepatic triad consists of __________.

the hepatic portal vein and two hepatic ducts

a bile ductule, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic portal vein

the right, left, and common hepatic ducts

a central vein, a hepatic lobule, and a hepatic sinusoid

the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and bile duct

81.) The __________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing __________.

duodenum; neutral fats

ileum; bilirubin

liver; cholesterol

pancreas; bile salts

gallbladder; cholesterol

82.) Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called

segmentation.

peristalsis.

deglutition.

mastication.

73.) A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms?

Decreased H+ secretion by the kidneys

Decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneys

Hyperventilation

74.) Infants have __________ deciduous teeth, whereas adults have __________ permanent teeth.

32; 20

20; 32

16; 20

28; 20

32; 32

75.) Which of the following is the correct list of tissues which make up the tooth from the most superficial to the deepest?

Enamel, root canal, dentin

Enamel, dentin, pulp

Dentin, enamel, cementum

Crown, enamel, dentin

Cementum, root canal, enamel

76.) The buccal (oral) phase of swallowing is under __________ control and the pharyngoesophageal phase is __________.

autonomic nervous system control; controlled by the somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system control; involuntary

somatic nervous system control; voluntary

somatic nervous system control; voluntary

voluntary control; involuntary

77.) The __________ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum.

fundic region

pyloric sphincter

gastric rugae

antrum

cardiac region

Which of the following describes an apical symport system in the membrane of a renal tubule cell?

Select one:

a. Na+/glucose transport

b. Transport of CO2 from blood into cells

c. Na+/H+ transport

d. Na+/K+ transport

e. Transport of water into cells

Provide a detailed description of the detrimental effects and mechanism of action of a known endocrine disruptor.

The Fick equation is used to describe the embryonic gas exchange. Provide the equation and describe each of its components. Describe how oxygen consumption rate (V̇o₂) and oxygen conductance (GO₂) increase throughout amphibian development. How do these changes influence PO₂ inside the egg?

Mammalian fetuses develop in conditions dubbed ‘Everest in utero’. Explain what ‘Everest in utero’ refers to and why it is important for normal development.