Large land mammals of the Arctic endure very low ambient temperatures and stand on frozen ground for long time periods. This can result in large differences in temperature across the body. The tissue temperature in the extremities (feet and lower legs) can be up to 25oC cooler than in the thorax.

(4pts) Draw the Hb-O2 equilibrium curve and indicate on the graph what the usual effect of increases ­and decreases in temperature on Hb-O2 binding. Make sure to label your axes and curves on the graph.

(4pts) What impact would temperature-dependent shifts have on O2 loading in the lungs and O2 delivery to tissues in the extremities?

(8pts) Based on what you know about respiratory and cardiovascular physiology, describe in what ways (how) the anatomy and physiology of these artic mammals might be different from mammals from warmer climates to compensate for this?

(4 pts) Briefly describe why what you propose in (c) is adaptive for these large arctic mammals.

1. Consider the endocrine system and hormones.

a)What are the three general chemical classes of hormone? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
b)List the THREE physiological functions of the thyroid hormone. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
c)How are thyroid hormones transported in the bloodstream? Why? Do the hormones enter the target cell directly? Describe the sequence of events when thyroid hormones bind to their receptors.

Why does heart WEIGHT increase with body weight? detailed answer please

What is the higher brain center responsible for the pre-exercise anticipatory response and the primary drive to increase ventilation during exercise?

What are the different pulmonary volumes and capacities?

What 10 main muscles are used during shooting a basketball? Also indicate if the muscle is flexed, abducted, adducted, extended,etc. while shooting a basketball.

Describe the role, function and essential organs the reproductive system and all the anatomical structures.

Richard is a 55 year old man who has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Before being diagnosed, he was taking OTC ibuprofen to manage his pain. Once diagnosed, his prescriptions included celecoxib. He was also advised to stop taking additional OTC ibuprofen.

1. Explain the mechanism of action and clinical effects of each of the drugs Richard has been taking.

2. Compare and contrast the mechanism of action ibuprofen and celecoxib. Why might Richard have been prescribed celecoxib? Why do you think he was advised not to take additional ibuprofen?

• Let’s say you and a friend eat the same foods in the same amounts for the same period of time, but only one of you loses weight. How is that possible?
• How does obesity relate to type 2 diabetes, heart problems, or blood pressure issues?
• Do you think obesity is a global problem?
• What advice would you give to someone who wants to lose weight by reducing their caloric intake, but isn’t sure where to start?

1. Does depolarization cause the muscle to become more or less likely to produce an action potential?

2. If blood travels from the left atrium to the left ventricle during ventricular diastole, why do you need a stage of the cardiac cycle known as atrial systole? What would happen to cardiac output if no atrial systole occurred?

1. What would happen if there was a hole between the right side of the heart and the left side? What would this be called?

2. What causes blood to flow from one chamber or vessel to another?

3. What happens to the pressure inside a chamber when the myocardium contracts?

The effects of glucocorticoids include _________. (select all that apply)

If the outer two layers of the adrenal cortex are removed, the patient will experience _________.

Microenvironment is important to cancer progression because _________.

Which of the following could be affected during times of very high stress?

Describe the action of cholinergic & adrenergic blocking agents & give at least one example of each.

After suffering an asthma attack (without having her inhaler), Sally's breathing is impaired and respiratory acidosis occurs. How will her body compensate for this imbalance?

Select one:

A. Kidneys retain bicarbonate ions.

B. Kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions.

C. Kidneys retain hydrogen ions.

D. Kidneys eliminate carbon dioxide.

Which of the following would shift the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to the right? Select all that apply.

Select one or more:

A. Decreased hydrogen ion concentration

B. Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

C. Decreased pH

D. Increased body temperature

The sight, smell, or thought of food can stimulate gastric secretion. Which of the following is NOT true?

Select one:

A. This stimulates release of the hormone gastrin.

B. This is an example of a long reflexive pathway.

C. The cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and medulla oblongata are all involved.

D. This is an example of parasympathetic stimulation by the autonomic nervous system.

If an adult man sustained an injury to the anterior pituitary resulting in decreased secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), one would expect that he would have ________.

Select one:

A. excessive beard growth

B. decreased testosterone secretion

C. shrinkage of the anterior pituitary gland

D. increased spermatogenesis

The c litoris and the p enis both become engorged with blood due to parasympathetic stimulation upon sexual stimulation.

Select one:

True

False

Rank of the following methods of carbon dioxide transport in the blood from most to least important:

1: Bound to hemoglobin in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
2: As bicarbonate ions in the plasma
3: Dissolved as carbon dioxide in the plasma

Select one:

A. 1, 2, 3

B. 2, 1, 3

C. 3, 2, 1

D. 2, 3, 1

E. 1, 3, 2

F. 3, 1, 2