1. Steroid hormones are derived from ___ and synthesized by ___.

   1. Amino acids, rough endoplasmic reticulum

   2. Amino acids, smooth endoplasmic reticulum

   3. Cholesterol, ribosomes

   4. Cholesterol, smooth endoplasmic reticulum

   5. Proteines, mitochondria

2. The hormones that regulate blood calcium levels are ____

   1. Insulin and glucagon

   2. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

   3. Antiduretic hormone and glucocorticoids

   4. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

   5. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

3. Which of the following hormones is responsible for the “fight or flight” response?

   1. Thyroxine

   2. Parathyroid hormone

   3. Epinephrine

   4. Glucagon

   5. mineralocorticoids

4. Glucagon and insulin are secreted by the____

   1. Liver

   2. Pancreas

   3. Kidneys

   4. Adrenal glands

   5. Thyroid glands

5. Which hormones regulate basal metabolic rate and cellular metabolism?

   1. hGH

   2. T3 and T4

   3. Parathyroid hormone

   4. Aldosterone

   5. cortisol

Create a case study of an imaginary patient who has Macular Degeneration. Look at example below and grading rubric. Please use your own words and cite and websites/resources used.

Case Study Example:

(1) Symptoms:

A 32 year old female reported an acute onset of severe facial pain extending from her right lower jaw region and temporomandibular joint region [area where lower jaw joins skull] as well as numbness in the lower jaw, severe headache and stabbing right eye and ear pain. She described the pain as piercing and sharp and lasting up to 30 minutes. The onset of pain was sudden and began 24 hours ago. She could not recall any injury to that area but she did some heavy lifting over the weekend and had her wisdom teeth removed four weeks ago, which made it necessary to keep her mouth open for long periods. On examination she was obviously distressed but had a good range of neck movement. The jaw joint was extremely tender on the right and she had restricted mouth opening with deviation of the lower jaw to the right. She also had increased tension in the masseter [jaw] muscle and difficulty moving her tongue and opening her throat for examination. Analgesics [pain-killers] had eased her pain by 40%, but chewing and hot and cold foods increased her pain levels.

(2) Diagnosis

This patient shows symptoms of damage to the Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Nerve V), which serves both sensory and motor functions in the face and neck. It innervates the masseter and temporalis muscles, which explains some of the muscular symptoms such as… The nerve also carries sensory information from the eye and jaw, contributing to the symptoms of… This could be due to nerve damage caused by… or by….

(3) Treatment:

Surgery might be used to relieve… or treatment with drugs that block…  

(NOTE: you do not need to follow this exact framework in your answer, but do include as much relevant detail as possible in your diagnosis and treatment suggestions. Also, do not use Cranial Nerve V as the subject of your essay.)

Chief Complaint: 68-year-old man with a cough and dyspnea ("shortness of breath") for the past week.

History: Daniel McDonald, a 68-year-old white male with a 40-pack-year smoking history suffered from chronic bronchitis for which he had been on antibiotics for several months. Two weeks ago, he began coughing up a bloody sputum ("hemoptysis"). In the past week he's become increasingly short of breath. A routine chest X-ray revealed two silver dollar-sized opacities on the right side of the carina. Bronchoscopic examination revealed a tumor that was nearly occluding the right mainstem bronchus. A bronchial biopsy revealed the diagnosis: bronchogenic carcinoma.

Questions:

Top of Form

1. Define the term "bronchogenic carcinoma."

2. Ninety percent of all cancers arise from epithelial tissue. Why do you suppose this is?

3. Describe the structure of the bronchial epithelium.

4. What is the "mucociliary escalator"?

5. This man has a long history of infectious bronchitis. Why would this chronic smoker be especially susceptible to infections of the bronchi?

6. Explain why this man has bloody sputum ("hemoptysis").

7. Explain why this man has shortness of breath ("dyspnea").

8. If you examined the cancerous tissue under the microscope, how might the cells differ in appearance from normal bronchial epithelium?

9. How might this type of cancer metastasize (i.e. spread to other parts of the body)? In other words, by which routes might the cancer cells reach other organs?

10. Why is the surgical removal of a lung cancer so ineffective in halting the disease?

A 77-year-old woman was cooking in the kitchen when she collapsed onto the floor. Her daughter called an ambulance and the woman was taken to the emergency room. She had suffered a stroke, and slowly regained consciousness over the next two days. However, when she woke up, she had the following signs and symptoms:

- paralysis of the right face and arm
- loss of sensation to touch on the skin of the right face and arm
- inability to answer questions but ability to understand what was said to her
- ability to write down her thoughts more easily than to speak them

Top of Form

Questions:

1. Based upon the patient's symptoms, which cerebral artery was blocked? (Be Specific)

2. Why was she paralyzed in the right face and arm?

3. What is the name of her language disorder, and what caused it?

4. Was this woman's dominant or nondominant hemisphere damaged?

During a recent Ebola outbreak, researchers attempted extracting antibodies from people who had been infected but survived. They then injected other people with these antibodies to help them overcome the illness.   Even more recently, an experimental vaccine against Ebola has been approved for emergency use in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ebola is a virus that infects macrophages and dendritic cells. In doing so, it causes dysregulation in several ways. For example,

1) it prevents infected cells from secreting interferons,

2) it causes infected cells to secrete massive amounts of pro-inflammatory signals,

3) it allows infected cells to present antigen to Th cells, but causes the infected cells to encourage the Th cells to commit apoptosis.

4) Causes NK cells to commit apoptosis.

5) Finally, Ebola also causes endothelia to NOT express surface adhesion proteins (ex, selectins).

Explain the roles of interferons and of NK cells in fighting viruses.

Which part(s) of the vertebral column will become problematic over time and why is this the case?

Describe two conditions involving cellular parameters which would cause the oxygen dissociation curve to right shift.

How would that solve an oxygen problem in the cell?

1.What does the bluish coloration of Mr. L's lips and fingertips indicate? What is a pulse oximeter and why does it give blood oxygen in percentages?

The doctor comes in and examines Mr. L's legs. His ankles are bluish and swollen, and the doctor says she is worried about pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure).

2. Why is the doctor worried about hypertension (high blood pressure) when Mr. L's blood pressure is only a little bit above normal? Describe the flow of blood and how hypertension could affect it. Also, why can’t the doctor just measure it?

She notes “possible cor pulmonale.”

3. What is “cor pulmonale” and how could this be linked to COPD? What are the two major factors controlling blood pressure (the blood pressure equation)? How is arteriole vasoconstriction (a hallmark of hypertension) related to blood pressure?

4. Which side of the heart has to do the work of pushing blood through the constricted pulmonary arterioles? If this side of the heart cannot move the blood through the lungs fast enough, where will the blood accumulate and where did you notice this from earlier?

5. The patient is prescribed beta blockers to reduce heart rate and blood pressure. Describe the mechanism that beta-blockers do to achieve this.

This type sensory receptor monitors activity of organ systems.

1. Somatic
2. Visceral
3. External
4. Proprioreceptor

This type sensory receptor monitors the position and movement of skeletal muscle and joints.

1. Somatic
2. Visceral
3. External
4. Proprioreceptor

This type motor neuron innervates skeletal muscles.

1. Visceral
2. Somatic
3. Interneuron
4. Fiber

This is the most numerous of the neuron types.

1. Motor neuron
2. Sensory neuron
3. Interneuron
4. Somatic

This type neuron is located entirely within the brain and spinal cord.

1. Motor neuron
2. Sensory neuron
3. Interneuron
4. Somatic

1. ____ are steroid hormones which have masculinizing effects

   1. Mineralocorticoids

   2. Glucocorticoids

   3. Water- soluble hormones

   4. Adrenalins

   5. andgrogens

2. All of the following are hormones of the anterior pituitary EXCEPT ____

   1. Thyroid stimulating hormones

   2. Oxytocin

   3. Follicle stimulating hormone

   4. Luteinizing hormone

   5. Adrenocorticotropic hormone

3. An enlarged thyroid gland, increased heart rate and blood pressure, weight loss, and agitation/nervousness could be symptoms of ____

   1. Acromegaly

   2. Hypothyroidism

   3. Hyperthyroidism

   4. Hypoglycemia

   5. hyperglycemia

4. ____causes body cells to divide so that tissues are maintained/ repaired during adulthood

   1. Parathyroid hormone

   2. Aldosterone

   3. Cortisol

   4. Melatonin

   5. Human growth hormone

5.   The hormone which is released in large quantities just prior to childbirth if ___

   1. Estrogen

   2. Progesterone

   3. Luteinizing hormone

   4. Oxytocin

   5. Follicle stimulating hormone

1. If you are examining microscopic sample taken from the digestive system and (at first glance) notice that duodenal glands are present BUT do not see goblet cells with sparse villi then ______________

A.you cannot confirm anything and should examine the tissue a second time.

B. you can confirm that you are viewing tissue taken from the stomach

C. you can confirm that you are viewing tissue taken from the large intestine

D. you can confirm you are viewing tissue taken from the duodenum

2.  When examining tissue you need to be able to distinguish the difference between adventitia and serosa. One of the major ways to do this is by noting __________

These two structures are identical (within the digestive system). The only difference is the location where each is found

A. Adventitia dos not have mesothelium and serosa does

B. Adventitia is connective tissue that is not continuous with the surrounding tissues.

C. Serosa is thick relative to adventitia

D. The only area in the body with adventitia is the esaphogus.

3. Near the muscularis mucosae, the bases of the gastric glands contain fewer parietal cells but many more zymogenic chief cells.

A. True

B. False

Follow a molecule of oxygen thru the upper and lower respiratory system to the respiratory membrane?

34. The myogenic reflex differs from a short reflex in which of the following ways?

a. The myogenic reflex is initiated by a stretch reflex

b. The myogenic reflex only involves one cell type

c. The myogenic reflex results in smooth muscle concentration

35. Which of the following is the most potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion?

a. Somatostain

b. Gastrin

c. Acetylcholine

36. how do bile salts differ from lipases in digestion?

a. Bile salts help with fast digestion

b. Bile salts break bonds between fatty acids and the glycerol backbone

c. Bile salts can be recycled many times during a meal

11. In healthy individual, which two events are likely to occur at the same time?

a. Glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis

b. Lipolysis and increased plasma glucagon levels

c. Release of fatty acids from the adipose tissue and increased plasma insulin levels  

13. Why is the liver less likely to produce ATP from fatty acid oxidation?

a. The liver prefers to oxidize glycogen stored in the tissue

b. Oxaloacetate levels in the liver is too low to produce ATP from fatty acids

c. Access to fatty acids in the liver is limited due to the absence of a fatty acid transporter

1. Which of the following sets of hormones are antagonists?

   1. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

   2. Glucagon and insulin

   3. GHRH and GHIH

   4. All of the above

   5. None of the above

2. The primary effect of calcitonin is to

   1. Increase blood glucose

   2. Decrease blood glucose

   3. Increase blood calcium

   4. Decrease blood calcium

   5. Regulate metabolism

3. The “master endocrine gland” is the ___

   1. Thyroid

   2. Pituitary

   3. Adrenal

   4. Parathyroid

   5. pineal

4. ___ are attached to transport proteins within the bloodstream.

   1. ​​​​​​​Releasing hormones

   2. Pancreatic hormones

   3. Water-soluble hormones

   4. Lipid-soluble hormones

   5. All of the above

5. Pitocin is the synthetic form of ___ used to induce labor by stimulating uterine contractions.

   1. ​​​​​​​ Estrogen

   2. Progesterone

   3. Prolactin

   4. Oxytocin

   5. Human chorionic gonadotropin