What is an endocrine disrupter? Give six examples. Pick two of the examples and describe the birth defects associated with the them, what is the molecular mechanism? What steps should pregnant women take to avoid the effects?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
What is the split gal4 system? Why is it needed to label some cell types? Describe an experiment that combines split gal4 with scRNA-seq to precisely define cell identities in the drosophila brain. Describe the protocol of the experiment in detail.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Describe 4 different “first-line” defensive mechanisms present in the tissue.
Given the above tissue types, what tissue type do you think a virus like nCov-19 would infect?
Describe some of the secondary lines of defense in the body that would activate after a viral infection.
Skin:
Mouth:
Oropharynx:
Bronchi:
Alveoli:
Esophagus:
Stomach:
Small Intestine:
Urethra:
Given the above tissue types, what tissue type do you think a virus like nCov-19 would infect?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Explain how the movement of NaCl and water in the ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle work as a countercurrent system. Use a diagram to help explain this.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
1. Which of the following pulmonary measurements will be most affected in an individual with COPD?
a.) SVC
b.) Percentage of the FVC that can be exhaled in 1 sec (FEV1/FVC)
c.) Total lung capacity
d.) Tidal Volume
2. The Biodex Balance System may be used to assess
a.) Two of the choices listed
b.) All the the choices listed
c.) balance deficits associated with a head injury.
d.) risk of falling.
e.) unilateral postural stability on an unstable surface.
3. If your client fails to fully exhale while being weighed underwater, what effect will this have on the calculated body fat percentage?
a.) Body fat percentage will be underestimated.
b.) Body fat percentage will be overestimated.
c.) No effect on body fat percentage
d.) Body fat percentage will be overestimated in women and underestimated in men.
4. Which of the following balance assessments include activities of daily living?
a.) Berg Balance Scale
b.) Limits of stability assessment on the Biodex Balance System
c.) Balance Error Scoring System
d.) Y-balance test
In: Anatomy and Physiology
1. Body fat results from the upper and lower body BIA scale are typically higher than body fat results from hydrostatic weighing. This suggests there is a problem with which of the following?
a.) Reliability of the upper and lower body BIA scale.
b.) Objectivity of the upper and lower body BIA scale
c.) Stability of the upper and lower body BIA scale
d.) Validity of the upper and lower body BIA scale
2. Considering the entire range, which of the following is considered healthy for adult men and women, aged 18-34 years?
a.) 3-7% body fat for men, 8-18% body fat for women
b.) 5-10% body fat for men, 10-15% body fat for women
c.) 8-18% body fat for men, 20-30% body fat for women
d.) 19-26% body fat for men, 27-37% body fat for women
3. Which of the following is associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease?
a.) Total Cholesterol <220 mg/dl, TC/HDL<5
b.) Total Cholesterol <200 mg/dl, TC/HDL <3.5
c.) Total Cholesterol <200 mg/dl, TC/HDL >4
d.) Total Cholesterol >200 mg/dl, TC/HDL >3.5
In: Anatomy and Physiology
During exercise, how/why does a larger percentage of blood (cardiac output) go to skeletal muscles?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
list two (2) muscles involved with inspiration and two (2) muscles involved in expiration
which root transmits sensory information, and which root transmits motor information, respectively?
what is the muscle of the sural region which has two heads to it?
what is the name of the smooth muscle which regulates the opening referenced in the previous question?
what is the name of the innermost layer of the eye which contains the visual sensory endings?
what are nerve tracts called in white matter, and what are nerve tracts called in gray matter?
what is the largest cranial nerve which can be seen on the sheep (or human) brain?
what is the muscle which is only seen in the cat by lifting up the spinodeltoid?
the spinal cord occurs in two distinct halves - what are the names of the two (2) features which divide the spinal cord?
what is the name of the opening of the eye to light?
what is the portion of the brain which is continuous with the spinal cord?
what is the name of the four "bodies" which are part of the midbrain?
what is the name for the white matter found in the cerebellum?
what is the only rotator cuff muscle which originates on the non-spine side of the scapula
what is the name of the group of back muscles which functions to hold the trunk of our bodies upright?
what is the name of the iridescent structure found in the cow eye (but not in the human eye) whose function if to reflect ambient light?
what is the muscle which, when contracted, lifts up the scapula?
Which is the largest of the hamstring muscles in the cat (and human)?
name the two endocrine glands found in the brain
what is the muscle found in the cat which is superficial to the biceps brachii?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
What is the name sometimes given to the third set of molars?
Name the structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach.?
Name the four regions of the stomach in order from its connection with the esophagus to the small intestine.?
What is the function of the parietal cells of the stomach?
Explain the function of the lacteals.?
Name the three regions of the small intestine from proximal to distal.?
What is the function of the gallbladder?
please type it
In: Anatomy and Physiology
1. To stretch the quadriceps using the PNF technique,
a.) contract the quadriceps to activate the GTO, causing a reflex contraction of the hamstrings; then stretch the quadriceps.
b.) contract the quadriceps to activate the GTO, causing a reflex relaxation of the quadriceps; then stretch the quadriceps.
c.) contract the quadriceps to activate the muscle spindle, causing a reflex relaxation of the quadriceps; then stretch the quadriceps.
d.) stretch the quadriceps ballistically to activate the muscle spindle, causing a reflex relaxation of the quadriceps for a greater stretch.
2. Vital capacity is the sum of which volumes or capacities?
a.) Inspiratory Capacity + Expiratory Reserve Volume
b.) Maximal Breathing Capacity + Residual Volume
c.) Tidal volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume
d.) Tidal Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume
3. If the predicted residual volume (e.g., calculated from age and height) is less than the actual residual volume (e.g., determined by oxygen dilution), what effect will this have on body fat percentage obtained by hydrostatic weighing?
Link to Body Density Formula:
Db formula - hydrostatic weighing.docx
If the link doesn't open, the formula for Db is:
Numerator: Body Weight
Denominator: { [Body Weight - Submerged Weight]/Density of Water} - RV + 0.1 L
a.) Body fat percentage will be overestimated.
b.) No effect on calculated body fat percentage
c.) Body fat percentage will be underestimated.
d.) Body fat percentage will be overestimated in women and underestimated in men.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is false?
| a. |
hemoglobin is a very large protein composed of four large protein subunits |
|
| b. |
there are two alpha (α) and two beta (β) subunits in each hemoglobin molecule |
|
| c. |
each alpha and beta subunit includes a heme group |
|
| d. |
oxygen (O2) molecules bind irreversibly to an iron ion (Fe++) in a heme group |
Which of the following statements about oxygen delivery to the body tissues is false?
| a. |
low oxygen concentration in the body tissues enhances the unbinding of oxygen (O2) from hemoglobin |
|
| b. |
hemoglobin usually loses all four oxygens (O2) when they unbind in the tissues |
|
| c. |
body tissues have greater acidity (higher hydrogen ion (H+) concentration (lower pH) than the lungs |
|
| d. |
higher acidity (higher hydrogen ion (H+) causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen (O2 |
Digestion is necessary because…
|
large biomolecules cannot pass through cell membranes |
||
|
the absorption of food requires energy (is endergonic) |
||
|
only monomers are absorbed through the lining of the small intestine |
||
|
all except choice (b) are correct |
Which of the following is not a type of biomolecule that must be digested before it can be absorbed?
| a. |
long-chain carbohydrate molecules |
|
| b. |
protein molecules |
|
| c. |
nucleic acid molecules |
|
| d. |
water-soluble vitamins |
Which of the following is not a function of human blood?
| a. |
blood transports oxygen and nutrients to all body cells |
|
| b. |
blood transports carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes from cells |
|
| c. |
blood helps maintain the body’s internal pH and water concentration |
|
| d. |
blood exchanges gases with the atmosphere primarily through the skin |
Which of the following statements about human blood is false?
| a. |
blood plasma makes up more than half of the volume of normal blood |
|
| b. |
blood plasma is mostly water, with dissolved ions, amino acids, glucose, hormones, proteins, and other materials |
|
| c. |
white blood cells (leukocytes) make up about 40% of the volume of normal blood |
|
| d. |
red blood cells (erythrocytes) are the most common blood cells |
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Which of the following blood cell types is paired with its correct function?
| a. |
red blood cells (erythrocytes) / transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissues |
|
| b. |
white blood cells (leukocytes) / defending against foreign pathogens |
|
| c. |
platelets (thrombocytes) / assisting in blood clotting |
|
| d. |
all of these blood cell types are paired with their correct function |
Which of the following is the most common human blood type?
| a. |
type O blood |
|
| b. |
type A blood |
|
| c. |
type B blood |
|
| d. |
type AB blood |
Which of the following is a function of the pericardium?
| a. |
it provides an enclosure within which the heart can expand and contract |
|
| b. |
it provides a slippery inner lining which minimizes friction when the heart beats |
|
| c. |
it provides protection for the heart |
|
| d. |
all of these are functions of the pericardium |
Contraction of the _____ fills the right ventricle of the heart.
| a. |
superior vena cava |
|
| b. |
right atrium |
|
| c. |
pulmonary artery |
|
| d. |
left atrium |
Which of the following statements about blood vesselsis false?
| a. |
arteries convey blood away from the heart toward capillaries |
|
| b. |
arteries branch into arterioles, which branch into capillaries |
|
| c. |
arteries always convey oxygenated blood |
|
| d. |
veins convey blood toward the heart from capillarie |
Which of the following chambers of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
| a. |
the right atrium |
|
| b. |
the right ventricle |
|
| c. |
the left atrium |
|
| d. |
the left ventricle |
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Describe the makeup of medullary pyramids:
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Explain the two mechanisms by which glomerular filtration rate is regulated? (please be brief in explaining! I am trying to understand this with limited time!)
In: Anatomy and Physiology
1.) In young, healthy adults, maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV or MBC) will typically be larger than minute ventilation (volume of air exchanged per minute) during maximal exercise.
True or False
2.) Skeletal size affects diameter measurements.
True or False
3.) The Berg Balance Scale assesses dynamic balance when walking.
True or False
4.) Compared to young adults, older adults (i.e., 65+ years-of-age) take longer to recover from a postural perturbation.
True or False
5.) During isokinetic testing, the individual exerts maximal force through the range of motion.
True
False
In: Anatomy and Physiology