Consider two unlinked loci, A, a and B, b. The frequencies of the nine genotypes in a population that are recognizable with respect to these loci are:

AA Aa aa

BB 0.20 0.40 0.04

Bb 0.05 0.07 0.20

bb 0.00 0.03 0.01

(a) Apply a procedure to determine whether this population is in equilibrium with respect to each single locus

(b) Apply a procedure to determine if it is in equilibrium with respect to the nine genotypic frequencies.

(a) In equilibrium? Frequency of - A allele = B allele =

(b) In equilibrium?

2. You have learned MANY different mechanisms that can lead to cancer development. One of these mechanisms involves changes in epigenetics during tumor initiation and progression.

A. HDAC proteins (a class of eraser proteins) are often overexpressed in cancer cells. Provide a 2-4 sentence explanation for how HDAC overexpression could promote tumor growth (include what the abbreviation HDAC stands for).

B. If HDAC overexpression favors tumor initiation, explain one potential problem of HDAC underexpression that could result in tumor growth.

C. A few anti-cancer drugs are currently on the market that inhibit HDACs. Given what you know about HDACs and cancer, provide a brief molecular explanation about how these drugs may work. Would you anticipate there to be any side effects? If so, provide an example with a brief explanation.

Wild-type                               201                          Tiny, squint, soft bristles 234        
Soft bristles                          162                           Tiny, squint                                         204
Tiny 24                           Tiny, soft bristles                               1041
Squint 1104                        Squint, soft bristles         30
A)
If the 3 genes are on the same chromosome, determine the map distance separating the 2 genes t and sb?

a) 1.4 centiMorgans.

b) 1.63 centiMorgans.

c) 14 centiMorgans.

d) 16.3 centiMorgans.

e) 30.3 centiMorgans.

B)
the 3 genes are on the same chromosome, determine the map distance between the 2 genes t and sq?

a) 1.4 centiMorgans.

b) 1.63 centiMorgans.

c) 14 centiMorgans.

d) 16.3 centiMorgans.

e) 30.3 centiMorgans.

C)
If the 3 genes are on the same chromosome, determine the order of the 3 genes using the data provided?
(Hint: Remember, it is not possible to ascertain which gene comes first or last on the chromosome using ONLY the data above. Hence, there may be more than one potentially correct answer below. If so, choose EACH possible correct answer.)

a) sb, sq, t.

b) sb, t, sq.

c) t, sq, sb.

d) sq, t, sb.

e) t, sb, sq

D)
What was the genotype of the two chromosomes containing the 3 genes in the female parents?

a) t, sb, sq+/t+, sb+, sq.

b) t, sb, sq/ t+, sb+, sq+.

c) t+, sb, sq/ t, sb+, sq+.

d) t+, sq+, sb/ t, sq+, sb+.

e) You cannot tell from the data provided.

Create a biological molecular or genetic network. using. It can be genes and proteins interacting with one another, including protein-protein, protein-DNA, genetic and enzymatic interactions. Please refrain from mapping physiological or ecological networks. Any interactions among biological entities within a cell will work. I do expect the nodes (genes/proteins/molecules) and the interactions between them to be based on real evidence, and that the values that you choose for them are reasonable. In fact, you'll have to share a reference to the sources that you used to put together your network, and some narrative to explain some of your decisions in compiling the network together.

21. The following survivorships were observed in a population of butterflies on the coast of Chile. Blue (B) is dominant to red (b). Give the relative fitness of the heterozygote genotype.

blue                 red

# individuals before selection                        87                    72

# individuals after selection                           66                    20

Choose any instinctive behavior you wish and describe that behavior using terms from classic ethology: fixed action pattern, sign stimuli and releasers, innate releasing mechanisms, and action specific energy

Choose any behavior in any animal you wish (one that we have not discussed at length in class) and explain that behavior from each of Tinbergen’s four levels of causation (proximate, ontogenetic, adaptive value, evolution).

Ls4208_endsem_2016

The question is from marine biology.

2. Fifteen of the sixty known species of seagrass worldwide occur in Great Barrier reef - Elucidate this statement from the context of seagrass biology (10 marks)

Some etiolated seedlings develop hairs on their epidermis when exposed to dim light. Describe an experiment to test the hypothesis that a phytochrome is the photoreceptor for this effect.

Scientist looked for the flowering hormone, which they named florigen for many years and finally have found it. What is florigen, i.e., what type of molecule? In what cells does it move throughout the plant? Does it act alone? (You do not need to know the detail but just the general concept of what happens in response to the correct environmental signal.)

Microbiology

What type of metabolic interaction among microorganisms occurs in the rumen and what two types of prokaryotes are involved? How is each affected by these interactions?

When the protein comes out of the ribosome it may not be finished. What else may be needed to be done to the protein and how is it done? (Hint, chaperones, sugars and more.)

subsidiary cells- would this be cells that surround the guard cells and aid in their function.

Three different types of cell arrangements are the stomata? would this be correct

paracytic

Diacytic- orientation is at a right angle to the orientation of guard cells

Anisocytic- not equal around guard cells

Amphistomatic- stomata are on both sides of leaf, top and bottom

Hypostomatic- stomata are on the underside of leaf

These were the questions - the above are what i think the answers would be.

What is the name for the cells that surround the guard cells and aid in their function?

Describe in words or labeled pictures the three different types of cell arrangements around the stomata?

In the original eye deprivation experiments Hubel and Wiesel closed one eye of a few days old kitten. A couple of month later they measured neuronal activity in the contralateral V1. What did they find?

Group of answer choices

They found mostly monocular cells.

They found mostly ocular dominance category 2 through 6 type cells.

They found mostly binocular cells.

They found that the receptive field of V1 neurons became large and nonspecific.

They found that V1 neurons no longer responded to visual stimulus.