59. Your biology class is performing an osmosis experiment. You are given three identical stalks of celery and three salt solutions of varying concentrations, described below.

Salt Amount of the Solution       

Solution A has more salt than the cells of the celery stalk      

Solution B has less salt than the cells of the celery stalk      

Solution C has the same salt content as the cells of the celery stalk   

a). Identify which solution is isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic to the celery stalk cells

b). Describe why the celery stalk will shrink when placed in the hypertonic solution

Mention two equations for determination of GFR value.

1. Describe and/or draw in detail the gram positive and the gram negative bacterial envelope. Then go on to describe all the steps of a gram stain. Conclude by explaining why the gram stain is such an important technique in the microbiology lab.

7. Individual C has a mutation in the proopiomelanocortin gene (POMC), resulting in the lack of functional alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH).

a) How might this mutation impact binding at the MC4 receptor?

b) Phenotypically, is individual C likely to be underweight, normal weight, or overweight? Why?

1. What are the three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer? Describe each of the three in detail. Then go on to describe the implications of horizontal gene transfer to microbial evolution and 2. human health.

Evaluate the statements below, and select those that correctly apply to the process of high throughput genome sequencing. Check All That Apply In the 4th step, the sequenced fragments are aligned, and the entire genome is computed using bioinformatics software. In the 4th step, the sequenced fragments are aligned, and the entire genome is computed using bioinformatics software. In the third step, the amplified fragments are read and sequenced based on the Sanger method. In the third step, the amplified fragments are read and sequenced based on the Sanger method. In the second step, the fragments bind to static probes and are amplified by PCR. In the second step, the fragments bind to static probes and are amplified by PCR. In the third step, gaps between contigs must be resolved to obtain the entire sequence. In the third step, gaps between contigs must be resolved to obtain the entire sequence. In the second step, each of the DNA fragments is engineered into a plasmid, and the plasmid is inserted into an E. coli cell to produce a library. In the second step, each of the DNA fragments is engineered into a plasmid, and the plasmid is inserted into an E. coli cell to produce a library. In the first step, the DNA is fragmented and fitted with short DNA sequences designed to match probes in the second step.

During a bioremediation process, nitrates and phosphates are added to soil contaminated with petroleum oil. Explain why chemicals such as nitrates and phosphates are added to the soil instead of adding additional bacteria.

As the scientific director of a pharmaceutical company, you are interested in developing a drug that would prevent the cataplectic attacks experienced by narcoleptic humans. Based on the series of scientific research articles published about narcolepsy using dogs, rodents, and humans, how should your target drug function?

How do CAM plants avoid oxygenation and photorespiration? How do C4 plants avoid oxygenation and photorespiration?

*college level answer or below. minimum 250 words

Bryophytes were once the dominant land plants, then seedless vascular plants took over. Gymnosperms came after that but were replaced by Angiosperms. Discuss the adaptations of Angiosperms which has allowed this group to dominate the plant kingdom for the past 100 million years. Do you think Angiosperms represent the pinnacle of plant evolution or can you imagine adaptations in a hypothetical new group of plants which might supplant Angiosperms in the future? Explain.

Describe the “Modern Synthesis” of the theory of evolution. Include all aspects of Darwin’s original theory and the ways in which it has been improved/added to with new discoveries since his time.

Write 1-2 paragraphs-long plan for starting viable business in coronavirus/post-coronavirus world. Tie up your plan to the skills you have learned in R&D in Biotech company class  This question will have differential weight for undergrads (10 points) and graduate (20 points) students.

In detail, describe and/or illustrate each of the chemical processes whereby genetic information is transferred from nuclear genes in a eukaryotic cell to the final usable protein.

Using one example from each of the eye and the kidney, compare how the organ ensures an optimum physiological response.