Escherichia coli is one of the most common causes of foodborne illness, yet it is also a common microorganism found within the human gut. What explains this disparity? (5 points)

There are several foods and beverages listed in this lab that are created through the actions of microorganisms. Name five of the foods and the specific microorganisms that are used to make each of them. (5 points)

Using an online research tool such as the A-Z index on the CDC website, explain why Listeria monocytogenes is a major threat to pregnant women and their developing fetuses, who are ten times more likely to get sick than other demographic groups. (5 points)

In a comparative Anatomy lab, you found some bones and the jaws are toothed and that the anterior limbs are modified for flight. Determine whether this tetrapod is related phylogenetically to the subclass Archosauria of the Reptilia, to either the subclass Archaeornithes or the Neornithes of the Aves or to the subclass Eutheria of the Mammalia. Describe those aspects of the fossil which allows you to make your determination. IN OTHER WORDS, WHICH OF THE ABOVE ANIMALS POSSESS THE FEATURE, "jaws are toothed and that the anterior limbs are modified for flight." WHY?

Etanercept is a TNF-α antagonist composed of the dimeric fusion protein of extracellular ligand-binding portion of the soluble 75-kDa TNF-α receptor II and the fragment-crystallisable (Fc) portion of human immunoglobulin (IgG).” Based on this quote, what does etanercept compete with? Where does etanercept and its competitor bind?

Suppose that the researchers discovered that OFC and DLPFC patients have comparable P3 responses. First describe the pattern of results that Dynamic filtering theory would normally predict in this experiment, and then explain whether these hypothetical results would fit with that prediction. (neuroscience class qn)

Crews et al Behavior whiptail lizard

1. In the whiptail lizards the female will not undergo normal ovarian growth in the absence of sexual active males. How do parthenogenetic female whiptails get around this problem?

2. How did the species of parthenogenetic whiptails arise?

Caleb Bakersfield, a 42-year-old real estate agent, had just returned from a vacation to Russia. His childhood had been rough because of an alcoholic and abusive father, and Caleb had started his own drug addiction in his early teens. By his early twenties, he was addicted to heroin, lived on the streets, and frequently used dirty needles. In his thirties, Caleb joined a program to beat his addiction and to turn his life around. The trip to Russia was to celebrate a decade of being clean.

Less than two months after his trip, Caleb started having respiratory complications, including a frequent cough and shortness of breath. He figured it was most likely a respiratory infection and made an appointment with his physician.

After listening to Caleb’s lungs, Dr. Bell determines that Caleb most likely has a lower respiratory infection and prescribes the antibiotic azithromycin. Dr. Bell reminds Caleb that it is important to complete his entire course of antibiotics, even if he feels better before he finishes all of the medicine. Dr. Bell also collects a sputum sample (mucus coughed up from the lower respiratory tract) and sends it to the laboratory for evaluation.

1. to measure DNA concentration, if you take 1/10 of a sample and read the A260 and the reading is 1.5. what is the origin Dna concentration?

2. how to prepare a 200 ml 12% 29:1 polyacrylamide gel?

8) A step in ecological succession is called a(n)______

28) DNA fingerprinting utilizes _________

29) Bacteria perform a form of cell division called __________

30)Which level of protein structure involves the coiling of the polypeptide into an alpha helix?

35) If the frequency of 2 alleles in a population is p = 08 and q = 0.2, and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, then the frequency of homozygote recessive genotype is ____________

1: Explain why arteries have an increased resistance to flow compared to vein.

2: Preet is in a bad car accident, she has lost a lot of blood. When the paramedics arrive, her blood pressure is 80/50 mmHg and her hematocrit is 35%.

a/ Would you expect Preet to be experiencing bradycardia or tachycardia? Explain.

b/ The paramedics give Preet an ID drip of normal saline fluid ( a concentration of solutes similar to blood plasma) and rush her to the ER. When she arrives at the ER, predict how the IV fluid would have affected her blood pressure and hematocrit. Explain your predictions?

c/ Why didn’t the paramedics( or ER staff) give Preet shot of EPO?

Read the article and watch the short video at the link below, and then answer the following questions.

LINK: http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/10/spider-genes-put-new-spin-arachnids-potent-venoms-stunning-silks-and-surprising-history

Question 1. Why do researchers think the web-building abilities of many spiders may have evolved more than once? (2 points)

Question 2. What are the three main groups (suborders) of spiders? What makes each one distinct?

Question 3. Are all three main groups found in New England? Use iNaturalist to identify one spider (genus and species) from each of the main groups that are found in New England. Note that not all groups may occur in New England!

Question 4. What did spider biologists (arachnologists) use to classify different types of spiders prior to the now widespread use of DNA?

Question 5. What is so unique about Stegodyphus mimosarum?

Question 6. Why have spider genomes been difficult to sequence?

Question 7 . Provide a hypothesis for why black widow possess toxins that attack vertebrate nerve cells, but related house spiders do not.

CREATE a phylogenetic tree (evolutionary) with Diarthrognathus, Triconodonts, Docodonts, Multituberculates, Symmetrodonts, Pantotheres, Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals.

Why do you think that our bodies have different densities of receptors in different areas? How does this help humans survive/interact with their environment?

What do the data suggest might be good environmental conditions for tuberculosis patients?

10. Consider Cell B, which is a normal neuron (i.e. one with standard extra- and intracellular concentrations of most ion species). a) Plot membrane potential vs time for the postsynaptic response of Cell B in response to an inhibitory neurotransmitter being released onto it by another cell, Cell A. Label and number axes. b) Explain how this could result by the neurotransmitter affecting EITHER an anion channel or a cation channel on Cell B. c) What would be the change of the postsynaptic potential of Cell B if you were to instantly depolarize the presynaptic cell (cell A) from resting potential to a membrane potential value exactly equal to E_Ca++? (the Nernst potential for calcium)