As you may know, gene transcription begins with the assembly of the transcriptional machinery (TFIIA-H proteins) at the core promoter of genes. Where do you think core promoters are more likely to be located? Nucleosome DNA or Linker DNA?

Go ahead and formulate a hypothesis on the more likely location of core promoters of genes in DNA, and defend it with molecular biology arguments (in other words, why would one or the other be a preferred location for core promoters, based on what you know about nucleosome DNA and linker DNA?).

Then, I want you to imagine that you have access to a standard molecular genetics lab, and I want you to propose an experimental test of your hypothesis. You don’t need to get too technical, just a description of how you would design an experiment that tests your hypothesis, indicating samples, treatments, and the measurements or readouts that that you plan to take. Your imaginary lab has the following equipment:

1)  Antibodies for immunoprecipitation: these are molecules that can bind to several kinds of proteins, and allow you to physically pull them down (along with anything that is bound to them). In this case, imagine that you have access to antibodies that allow you to separate any proteins bound to DNA and isolate them along with any DNA bound to them!!

2)DNA sequencer: a machine that allows you to “read” the sequence of a given DNA sample.

3)Core promoter sequences: Information about what a typical core promoter sequence looks like.

So go ahead and design an experiment using any combination of one or more of the resources listed above, and do not forget to describe what results you expect to see, should your hypothesis be correct.

Your submission should be 200 words or fewer,

PLEASE use ONLY the equipment mentioned above.

Compare and contrast Gleasonian vs. Clementsian community Ecology. Provide examples that support each. What is the consensus as to which seems to best describe most communities?

Compare the adaptations of plants in Tropical Rainforests and Temperate Forests

Compare and contrast exotoxins and endotoxins with regard to their: a) chemical nature, b) source, c) effects on human body cells and resulting symptoms, and d) examples.

Which gives off the most energy?

a. DNA replication

b. fermentation

c. translation

d. Calvin Benson cycle

e. cell division

5-8 different features of the native PNW Temperate evergreen forest biome.

Which of the following represents an example of coevolution?

Group of answer choices

Over time, peppered moths shift from having mostly light-colored wings to mostly dark-colored wings.

The majority of human babies are born weighing between 5.5 and 10 lbs.

The flower of the plant species, Centropogon nigricans, is exclusively pollinated by the tube-lipped nectar bat, Anoura fistulata. The bat has the longest tongue relative to its body length of any mammal and it uses its long tongue to reach the nectar inside of the long, thin C. nigricans flower.

Dark mice on lava and light mice on sand are predated upon less than gray mice in either habitat.

The greenhouse effect:

Group of answer choices

A) has caused extreme fluctuations in climate over the past thousand years.

B) causes seasonal differences in day length every year.

C) is primarily caused by humans through burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.

D) is caused by atmospheric gases that trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.

E) is synonymous with global climate change – they mean the same thing.

Describe how and when peptidoglycan synthesis is inhibited by the antimicrobials.

Discuss the role of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus in Lyme disease.

A frame shift mutation

a. can lead to a longer protein

b. can lead to a shorter protein

c. does not change the resulting protein

d. changes the way codons are read by the ribosomes

e. changes the way codons are read by the ribosomes and can lead to a longer or shorter protein

3. Assume that in humans, right-handedness (R) is dominant over left-handedness (r). A left handed man marries a right-handed woman. They have ten children all right-handed. What are the genotypes of all individuals of this family? Dad = Mom = Kids =,

4. A right-handed man marries a left-handed woman. Their first child is left-handed. What are the chances that future children will be right-handed? _________% Left-handed?________%

5. Assume in humans that brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue (b) and right-handedness (R) is dominant over left-handedness (r). A brown-eyed, right-handed man marries a blue-eyed right handed woman and their first child is blue-eyed and left-handed. What are the genotypes of the two parents?

Mom _________

Dad __________

6. In humans, a type of blindness called aniridia (B) is dominant over the normal sighted individual (b). Migraine headache (M) is the result of a different dominant gene. A non-migraining man with aniridia whose mother was not blind marries a normal sighted woman who suffers from migraines but whose father did not. In what proportion of their children would you expect to have both aniridia and migraine to occur? __________

   7. A researcher believes, as a result of investigation, that the dark pigmented skin of the pure African is due to two pairs of factors, and that white skin is due to the absence of these factors. Let these factors be represented by AABB and the white skin by aabb. Since no skin is pure white (even in winter!). Assume that A = 30% of black, B = 20%, a = 2%, and b = 1%.

Now cross two individuals both with the genotype AaBb. List the percent of color and the number of individuals in each as the result of such a cross.

Select two diseases that involve different arthropod vectors in their

epidemiology. Discuss each disease and describe the role of each vector in the life cycle of the pathogen and establishment of the disease.

Explain why the study of landscape ecology is gaining importance in urban areas

For each of the following biological issues explain: (a) possible ethical issues involved; (b) two sides or views of the issue; (c) possible separation of scientific versus societal view and opinions.

1. Cloning

3. Rare and endangered species conservation

4. Sea level rise