If a child has an AB blood type, ____.

Briefly explain the steps by which the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA and deposits it in the mitochondrial matrix. What cofactors are used, what are the products formed? How is the complex activity regulated?

What happens to the endometrium in mammals with menstrual cycles??

What happens to the endometrium in mammals with estrous cycles??

What are your thoughts on the afterlife?

Compare and contrast mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II. How many chromatids in a cell at the end of each stage?

I. Describe one DNA extraction method. In your description compare and contrast the method you chose with the other DNA extraction methods. Additionally, describe what types of forensic samples are better suited for this type of extraction and why. a)Given the three types of DNA techniques (STR, mtDNA, and Y-STRs) briefly compare and contrast all of them and in your opinion state why you believe one to be better than the other. YOU MUST SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER WITH AN EXAMPLE (REAL OR MADE-UP).

True or False: (PE = Physical Education)
1. The scientific method is not a useful way of thinking about problems
2. A major educational objective not associated with physical education is development in the social affective domain.
3. Humans learn only through communicated knowledge
4. The processes employed in addressing a problem are analysis and synthesis
5. Physical Education as an academic discipline has evolved past teaching/coaching into many other professional opportunities.
6. To “interpret” is a motive of man regarding the understanding of science
7. When thinking scientifically we have to first “Recognize” something as a problem.
8. The Regulative type of science can be likened to man’s desire to understand/control human behaviors.
9. One of the key processes of addressing problems is synthesis. Which means addressing the problem by breaking it down into parts going from general to specific
10. An individual’s personal experiences and interpretations can be viewed as original thinking
11. A profession is the application of a specific academic discipline by individuals who have specific knowledge and skills.
12. Science can be defined in only one way and that is a “way of thinking”.
13. The purpose of science is to both understand and control
14. Knowledge of the hard or basic sciences (physics, math, chemistry) would be important in the study of biological or life sciences
15. Based on the notes, the social/behavior sciences are the least difficult to study

Angela is a 52 year old female with a family history of hypertension. She works as an office manager, where she sits down at a desk most of the day. Angela reports that she usually stops at the coffee shop for breakfast and drinks a latte and eats a pastry. She skips lunch due to lack of time. She has a long commute (45 minutes each way,) and reports that by the time she gets home she is often too tired and hungry to cook. She relies on take-out and frozen meals. She takes a hula dance class 1x a week, but does not do any other exercise. Her current blood pressure reading is 141/91 mmHG. Angela's doctor has referred her to you for diet counseling.

1. What major diseases does Angela's blood pressure put her at risk for?

2. What does the DASH diet stand for? What does the DASH diet emphasize?

3. Develop a one day meal plan for Angela that follows the guidelines of the DASH diet.

Chemical modifications of histone tails are often made in chromatin to change the amount of chromatin compaction. Name three chemical modifications that have been observed by scientists to be on histone tails in chromatin. the modifications that you listed and discuss whether that modification is associated with closed or open chromatin.

The trp operon: Bacterial cells can take up the amino acid tryptophan from their surroundings, or, if the external supply is insufficient, they can synthesize tryptophan from small molecules in the cell.  

When external supplies of tryptophan are plentiful, the cells suppress transcription of the trp operon, which encodes the tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes. When external supplies of tryptophan are not plentiful, the cells express the trp operon.

The trp operon repressor protein inhibits transcription of the genes in the trp operon. Upon binding tryptophan, the tryptophan repressor binds to a site in the promoter of the operon and represses transcription.

A. (2 pts) Why is tryptophan-dependent binding to the operon a useful property for the tryptophan repressor?

B. (4 pts) How would regulation of transcription of tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes be affected in cells that express a mutant form of the tryptophan repressor that (i) cannot bind to the DNA or (ii) bind to DNA even when no tryptophan is bound to it? Also address how tryptophan synthesis would be affected and how that would affect the cell. Please bullet point your response (i) and (ii) for each mutant for ease of grading.

Explain, in great detail, the protocol of DNA isolation. In your explanation, mention which steps and/or materials are important in the process, and explain the significance of these steps. Following your explanation, describe where, in the protocol, can contamination occur and cause DNA isolation to fail.

True or False: (PE = Physical Education)
1. A degree in Physical Education was historically viewed from a "generalist" perspective
2. Because of the nature of “physical education activities,” the physical educator isn’t concerned with standards of health and moral and ethical development of students.
3. The impulsive developmental aspect can determine attributes such as character and moral values
4. The advent of "specialization" is not a consequence of the growing knowledge in the academic discipline of physical education and the need of qualified professionals in a specific field
5. Leadership can be considered the key to meeting PE objectives
6. Each person’s experiences determine their truth about the meaning of physical education.
7. Physical Education objectives are chosen only on the needs of the individual
8. The "quality" of any developmental area and subsequent adjustment is influenced by a predetermined standard.
9. In physical education only neuromuscular and organic adjustment are considered as specific objectives
10. Adjustment can be considered essential in order to live
11. Standards should be evident in all aspects of development and adjustment
12. Bio-mechanics and Sport history are not considered sub-discipline of physical education
13. Learning and acquiring skill in a variety of movement forms is not essential in neuromuscular development
14. When referring to the objective of leadership in physical education it can be a process that determines the type of results.
15. Standards are based upon the conceptions of the individual and/or profession

1. In general, Bacteria predominate in __________ waters, while numbers of Archaea are about equal or show a slight predominance in __________ waters.

A) upper / lower                                             B) mid-range / upper and lower

C) upper and lower / mid-range                     D) lower / upper

2. Mycorrhizal fungi obtain their carbon from ________ and their inorganic minerals from __________.

A) root secretions / particles produced by the photosynthetic actions of other parts of the plant

B) the soil / particles produced by the photo-synthetic actions of other parts of the plant

C) the soil / root secretions

D) root secretions / the soil

3. The absorption of __________ by chlorophylls begins the process of __________.

A) ATP / photosynthetic energy conversion

B) light energy / phototrophic energy conversion

C) ATP / autotrophy

D) light quanta / autotrophy

4. Which statement(s) is/are true?

A) Some methanogens are endosymbionts of certain protozoa.

B) A competing H₂-consuming process to methanogenesis is acetogenesis.

C) Methanogenesis is carried out by a group of Archaea, the methanogens, which are strict anaerobes.

D) All of the above are true.

5. Genes encoding __________ are widely used as target genes in molecular biodiversity studies.

A) 16S rRNA                          B) reverse transcriptase

C) ATPases                             D) DNA polymerase III

6. True or false:

T/F More dense populations of phototrophic microorganisms would be found in near-shore areas than in pelagic waters.

T/F Hydrothermal vent animals are known to live off the products of the chemolithotrophic microbial symbionts.

T/F Excretions from roots hinder, rather than promote, the development of microorganisms in the rhizosphere.

True or False: (PE = Physical Education)
1. A degree in Physical Education was historically viewed from a "generalist" perspective
2. Because of the nature of “physical education activities,” the physical educator isn’t concerned with standards of health and moral and ethical development of students.
3. The impulsive developmental aspect can determine attributes such as character and moral values
4. The advent of "specialization" is not a consequence of the growing knowledge in the academic discipline of physical education and the need of qualified professionals in a specific field
5. Leadership can be considered the key to meeting PE objectives
6. Each person’s experiences determine their truth about the meaning of physical education
7. Physical Education objectives are chosen only on the needs of the individual
8. The "quality" of any developmental area and subsequent adjustment is influenced by a predetermined standard
9. In physical education only neuromuscular and organic adjustment are considered as specific objectives
10. Adjustment can be considered essential in order to live.
11. Standards should be evident in all aspects of development and adjustment
12. Bio-mechanics and Sport history are not considered sub-discipline of physical education
13. Learning and acquiring skill in a variety of movement forms is not essential in neuromuscular development.
14. When referring to the objective of leadership in physical education it can be a process that determines the type of results
15. Standards are based upon the conceptions of the individual and/or profession