Why do we call water the universal solvent? All life, as we know it, needs water. What is the importance, relative to water being a universal solvent, to living systems?

How do molecules like pyruvate, phosphate, ADP, and ATP get into the mitochondria matrix?

In only 3 sentences, compare and contrast the following:

a) CAM and C4 plants

b) Micronutrients and macronutrients (with examples)

c) Apical meristems and lateral meristems

In what experiment situation would the techniques of confocal microscopy, transmission

electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy be best used? What types of

information could you receive from each?

Ketone bodies are synthesized from acety-CoA only when carbohydrates are not available. Why is this the case? Consider how gluconeogenesis, TCA, ACC, and circulating hormones play a role in directing carbon toward these molecules.

Provide an example of a simple/basal nervous system and a complex/derived nervous system. Explain how their functions differ.

30 ) Which of the following statements about the Lac operon is false?

40 Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is false?

Help please both of them thanks

You cross true breeding blue and red morning glories and get all blue offspring.

a) Based on this information alone:

i) How many loci are involved in the expression of this trait? How many alleles? What are the dominant and recessive interactions between the alleles at the locus/loci?

ii)what are the possible genotypes of the parents and F1s?

iii) Based on your hypothesized genotypes from ii, what do you expect the outcome of a cross between the F1's to be? (i.e. what phenotypes in what ratios?)

b) You then cross the F1 individuals and you obtain the following results

Blue - 200

purple - 126

red - 24

i) Are these results statistically consistent with your hypothesis above?           (prove it!)

ii) If not, what is an alternative hypothesis that might explain these results? Are these results the result of one locus or 2? Test your new hypothesis using chi-squared test. Discuss the meaning of your results. (Note: If your hypothesis proves wrong, that is OK!!! But you have to be able to discuss why you think it's wrong.)

Explain the process of fermentation that takes place in eukaryotic cells, such as muscle cells.

Why are the products of fermentation necessary for anaerobic respiration to continue?

Compare and contrast classical and serological identification of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic human pathogens

When GLP-1 is released to the plasma, what are the target cells? What receptor does it bind to? Which intracellular signalling pathway is activated?

1) Explain the different types of ion channels.

2) Explain in detail the glucose symporter. How does it work and what is its mechanism?

1. Which of the following descriptions related to hormonally active agents (HAAs) is correct?

   	a.	HAAs are forms of pollution in environmental systems that mostly come from humans' excretion of hormones into the water
   	b.	HAAs definitely lead to cancer from the mutations that occur from exposure
   	c.	HAAs primary hazard is biomagnification within food webs
   	d.	HAAs interact with an organism and the mechanisms for regulating growth and development by disrupting normal growth functions.

2. Blood borne pathogens found in contaminated blood are an example of a ___________hazard.

   	a.	physical
   	b.	chemical
   	c.	radiological
   	d.	biological

3. If a specific animal species has a population of 4 million and the population is reduced to only 2000, this is an example of a likely overall reduction in the ____________diversity.

   	a.	genetic
   	b.	species
   	c.	habitat
   	d.	population

In your own words, compare and contrast Gleasonian vs. Clementsian community Ecology. Your book only discusses Gleason, but there is PLENTY online about the debate. Provide examples that support each (top points for finding examples NOT included in our book or ppts. What is the consensus as to which seems to best describe most communities?