6. (4pts) Indicate if you “AGREE” or DISAGREE” with the following statements. Explain your reasoning.

A) (1pt) ATP hydrolysis is necessary for actin treadmilling. (4 sentence max)

B) (1pt) Late endosomes are converted to mature lysosomes by an increase in their internal pH. (4 sentence max)

C) (1pt) Lysosomal membranes contain a proton pump that utilizes the energy of ATP hydrolysis to pump protons out of the lysosome, thereby maintaining the lumen at a low pH. (4 sentence max)

D) (1pt) If cells were treated with a weak base which neutralizes the pH of organelles, it is expected that M6P receptors would accumulate in the Golgi due to the M6P receptors inability to bind lysosomal enzymes. (4 sentence max)

Which of the following is the source of new, novel alleles in a population?

A) mutation

B) crossing over in meiosis

C) gene flow

D) mitosis

What does it mean for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Multiple Choice

• There are no changes in gene frequencies from one generation to the next.

• Natural selection is occuring and selecting a particular phenotype in the population.

• Evolution is occurring in the population.

• Allele frequencies in the population are occurring over time.

In a sample population of people, 36% have the recessive trait of "free" earlobes (q2). What is the frequency of the dominant allele for attached earlobes, p?

Multiple Choice

• 0.40

• 0.64

• 0.10

• 0.24

Global regulators are proteins that can repress or activate the expression of large numbers of genes in an organism. A recent report describes structural studies on the anti-repressor AbbA from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis [Tucker et aL, J. Mol. Biol. (2014)]. This protein has the ability to bind to a second protein, a global repressor named AbrB.

These researchers first characterized their recombinant version of AbbA, a 65-residue protein prepared in E.coli cells.

(Qa).During the isolation and purification of AbbA, samples were monitored using a combination of SDS-PAGE gels, Bradford and BCA assays. Identify the general chemical properties utilized for protein measurements by 1. Bradford and 2. BCA assays.In each case, comment on the effectiveness of the particular assay for monitoring protein concentration.

(Qb).What specific information is obtained for a protein sample from an SDS-PAGE gel that cannot be obtained from the Bradford or BCA procedures?

2. (3pts) You are studying a single-pass transmembrane protein which is destined to the plasma membrane. The protein has a lysine amino acid which flanks the N-terminal side of the transmembrane domain and a glutamic acid amino acid which flanks the C-terminal side of the transmembrane domain. Both the N-terminus and the Cterminus of the protein carries amino acid sequences that can by glycosylated.

A) (0.5pt) When the protein reaches the plasma membrane, will the N-terminus or the C-terminus point to the extracellular side?

B) (0.5pt) When the protein reaches the plasma membrane, will the N-terminus or the C-terminus be glycosylated?

C) (0.5pt) In a mutant protein, the flanking “K” and “E” amino acids are switched with each other. After the protein is transported to the plasma membrane, will the Nterminus or the C-terminus point to the cytosolic side?

D) (0.5pt) When the protein is glycosylated in the ER, will the glycosylation occur in the lumen side or cytosolic side of the protein?

E) (1pt) How does glycosylation contribute to proper protein folding and quality control in the ER? (5 sentence max)

Copy of

Among the four available choices, which one best describes the following statement:

chemical modifications on the tails of histones determine whether chromatin is open (decondensed) or closed

When comparing replication and transcription, pick the best answer that describes this property:

in eukaryotes, the new strands are modified by addition of a string of A nucleotides

Methodology (with images)

How to apply staining technique for animal and plant cells?

Methodology (with images)

How to obtain and prepare animal and plant cells for observation under the microscope?

Question 2. How is DNA information used to make proteins? What are the steps of this process?
Give an example of a scenario in which you would perform PCR vs a scenario in which you would use recombinant DNA technology. What occurs during each of the three steps involved in the PCR cycle? How has the use of PCR changed biotechnology?

Describe/recognize how some bacteria can get ATP energy from other organic compounds other than glucose

5. How could you take a protein with a known sequence of amino acids and use it to make an artificial gene?

1. Describe how the fats are broken down from the fat globules to chylomicrons in the small intestine. Be sure to name them at every step.