Name the three pathways of complement activation, and describe similarities, differences and major outcomes.

Describe the structure of a cadherin and contrast that basic structure with ONE of the other types of cell adhesion molecules (immunoglobulin superfamily, integrins and selectin).

Correctly label parts of an IgG antibody: a. Heavy chains, b. Light Chains, c. Variable regions, d. Antigen binding sites, e. Constant regions or “Fc Crystallizable fragment regions”, f. Antigen-binding (Fab) fragment, g. Hinge, h. Disulfide bonds.

Discuss how physician payments can be adjusted for the price differences among various parts of the country.

1.  Regulation of protein activity by phosphorylation requires ________ activity.

1. kinase
2. ubiquitin
3. protease
4. phosphatase
5. 20S proteasome

2. Which of the following are substrates used by RNA polymerase in the process of transcription?

1. DNA template
2. ribonucleotie triphosphates
3. deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates
4. inorganic phosphates
5. proteins

3.  The ribosome

1. is an enzyme complex made entirely of protein molecules.
2. directs elongation of polypeptides.
3. is organized into 2 subunits whose sizes are designated in Svedberg (S) units.
4. is not used by cells that secrete large amounts of protein.
5. is both b and c.

4. Characteristics of a buffer are:

1. They help maintain the cell’s pH.
2. Their buffering capacity is independent of all other factors.  
3. They must be a strong acid or strong base.
4. Both a and b.
5. Both a and c.

5. Logical use(s) of a cystolic protein would be:

1. To associate with extracellular molecules.
2. Transport through biomembrane.
3. Anchoring and signaling.
4. To activate or inactivate a cell surface receptor.
5. To prevent unwanted molecules from passing across the biomembrane and into the cell.

6. Which of the following factors increase the rate of simple (passive) diffusion of a solute __________ across a phospholipid bilayer?

1. increased ability of the solute to dissolve in the membrane
2. increased hydrophilicity of the solute
3. increased membrane thickness
4. all of the above
5. none of the above

7. The major classes of CAMs include:

1. cadherins
2. fibronectin
3. Ig-superfamily CAMs
4. P-selectins
5. steroids

8. Movement of phospholipids from one leaflet to the other

      a. occurs routinely.

      b. requires cholesterol.

      c. requires flippases.

      d. is impossible.

9. Which of the following plays a role in the degradation of proteins?

      a. chaperonin

      b. ubiquitin

      c. proteasome

      d. b and c

      e. all of the above

10. Reversible chemical interactions are mediated by

1. electrostatic interactions.
2. hydrogen bonds.
3. van der Waals interactions.
4. all of the above.
5. none of the above.

1. explain the properties of water and what makes it unique (need it for study guide).

2. Describe the four major types of biological molecules and explain their functions.

Construct a concept map by using the terms below. Use branched arrows and/or another concept or two for better linking. Linking phrases must contain a VERB.

Respiration, Amino Acids, O2, CO2, Fermentation, Ammonia, Binary Fission, Photosynthesis, Carbohydrates, Enzymes, Nitrate, Chemolithotrophs

You can create a vesicle from the inner mitochondrial membrane that includes a functional ATP synthase protein with its fully functional F0 rotor, central stalk, and F1 ATPase head. There is ATP, ADP, and Pi (inorganic phosphate) present inside and outside of the vesicle. You are allowed to mechanically spin the F0 rotor domain in the absence of protons. How would ATP levels change inside the vesicle? Briefly explain how this change occurs.

A patient suffers from a fungal infection; which medicine are you going to prescribe?

1. penicillin
2. daptomycin
3. None of the proposed answers are good medicine
4. Tetracycline
5. Platensimycin

Describe the graph of the primary and secondary response to an antigen by the human humoral (B cell-mediated) immune system; what is would the X-axis be labeled and what would the Y-axis labeled?

Aging Brain.pdf

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2) Address the following questions in your discussion board post:

• What are some reasons that brain research is a growing area of interest?

• What types of images can be used to study the brain?
• What is the difference between normal brain changes with aging and pathological changes seen with brain diseases? Give an example of natural degenerative changes versus brain disease.
• What are some strategies that can be used to keep the brain young and healthy?

List the 5 classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins), explain the structure of each, and state a role that each plays in the immune system.

Food Science Question

You have developed ‘on-the-go’ jelly and butter packet containing equal amounts of grape jelly and unsalted butter. The product does not receive any heat treatment and is to be stored at room temperature. The water activity and moisture contents of the jelly and butter are shown in the table below.

a. When the jelly and butter are packaged and reach equilibrium, what will be the final a_w of the jelly and butter packets? Discuss which ingredients would gain or lose moisture and why.

b.Discuss why unsalted butter has a higher water activity and lower moisture content than grape jelly.

c. Would you expect microbial growth of occur in the jelly and butter packets? Discuss why or why not.