Transposons and retrotransposons are two prominent classes of repetitive DNA in the nuclear genome of plants. Both of these repetitive DNA species are capable of moving throughout the plant nuclear genome via transposition. Describe the mechanism of transposition for each of these mobile DNA elements and further, which is considered one of the main contributors to increased nuclear genome size and which is more likely to influence gene expression post transposition. Explain your answer.

A. The vast majority of the DNA sequence of a plant nuclear genome is composed of repetitive DNA with only a small fraction of the genome space representing protein coding gene sequences. Discuss the structure of chromatin in repeat-rich and gene-rich regions of the plant nuclear genome, including the methylation status of the DNA in these two distinct genome regions. Also, describe the conformational change in chromatin structure required to promote gene expression and explain why this conformational change is required.

Summarize the steps of cellular respiration (glycolysis, TCA cycle and electron-transport chain) identifying the starting material and end product for each stage, where in the cell it takes place, energy requirements and energy yields for each stage, and coenzymes involved in each stage.

SHORT EXPLANATION

Describe the freshwater and seawater habitats of microorganism .

1. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON CATALASE

• Results from the temperature experiment—see pg 246, 251 in lab manual):

Table 3: Temperature Effects on Catalase (pg 251 in lab manual):

Follow the same procedure described for enzyme availability to plot the five data series on the same graph (again, scatter plot). Record the reaction rates in table 4 below.

1. The FITT principle is used to create a safe and effective exercise program? T/F

2. Does the hatha yoga improve Cardio Respiratory Endurance (CRE)? T/F

3. Reduced risk of heart disease is a benefit of CRE? T/F

4. Increased resting heart rate is a benefit of CRE? T/F

5. 7 days a week of CRE is recommended? T/F

6. Static stretching is preferred over ballistic is stretching for increased flexibility? T/F

7. 2-3 days a week performing a stretching routine is recommended for increased flexibility. T/F

8. At the end of an exercise session it is optimal to hold a static stretch for 15-30 seconds? T/F

9. It is important to always stretch before warming- up? T/F

10. Joint structure can restrict a person’s range of motion? T/F

11. A waist size of greater than 35 inches for women and 40 inches for men is considered increased health risk? T/F

12. A Body Mass Index of 18.5- 24.9 is considered unhealthy? T/F

13. Overweight is usually defined as total body weight above the recommended range for good health? T/F

14. Obesity negatively affects joints health and overall mobility? T/F

15. To improve muscular endurance, it is best to use light resistance with many repetitions? T/F

16. To improve muscular strength and endurance, it is best to use medium resistance medium number of repetitions? T/F

17. An isotonic contraction is a muscular contraction with no joint motion? T/F

18. Increased muscle mass leads to decreased metabolic rate? T/F

19. Compared with men women have the same capacity for increased strength? T/F

20. Progressive overload is not important for improving overall fitness? T/F

1. WHICH OF YOUR genotypes were you able to better determine after consideration of phenotypes of your parent and siblings?

2. WHY DON’T RECESSIVE traits always eventually disappear from populations?

3. WHAT FRACTION OF recessive alleles are “hidden” in heterozygotes for each of the eight single-gene traits that you studied?

4. HOW MANY GENERATIONS would it take to eliminate at least 95% of the alleles for the recessive gene for the inability to taste PTC is a tyrant eliminated those who could not taste PTC from every generation before they could pass on their recessive alleles?

5. WHY MIGHT YOU expect the locus that governs lactose tolerance/intolerance to not be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

6. WHAT MAY HAVE led to errors in your determining you total ridge count and how confident are you in the reliability of the heritability for this trait that you calculated?

7. IQ IS ANOTHER characteristic that is apparently heavily influenced by both genes and environment. What other human characteristics are likely to fall into this class?

1. Explain how the process of meiosis generates genetic diversity. (use the terms below to explain)

   1. Homologous chromosomes

   2. gamete

   3. haploid

   4. chromatids

   5. Crossing over

   6. Genetic diversity

   7. Sexual reproduction

2a. Which of these substances is not found in the cell membrane?

1. fatty acids
2. chitin
3. cholesterol
4. phospholipids

2b. In the past meat was preserved by coating it with salt. One reason that this worked was that the salt, with a little bit of water, is __________relative to bacteria, and water would move _________ the bacteria killing them (hint: think beef jerky!!!!).

1. hypertonic; into
2. hypotonic; into
3. hypertonic; out of
4. hypotonic; out of

2c. Solution A 10% salt, is compared to Solution B, 5% salt. Solution A is

1. hypo-osmotic
2. isotonic
3. hypotonic
4. hypertonic

2e. Food coloring added to a container of water will eventually become evenly distributed even without stirring due to

1. diffusion
2. active transport
3. exocytosis
4. facilitated diffusion

5. 2f.A hypertonic solution as compared to a hypotonic solution under the same conditions has
   1. more, dissolved solutes
   2. the same number of water molecules
   3. a higher hydrostatic pressure
   4. a higher water potential

6. 2g.Movement of individual dye molecules as they are distributed throughout a tank of water
   1. is a random process
   2. results in the accumulation of dye molecules at one end of the tank
   3. is always against the concentration gradient
   4. results from differences in gravity, pressure, or both

1. Cellular respiration takes place in this organelle:

1. flagellum            
2. cilium
3. mitochondrion
4. chloroplast

Materials are received, chemically modified and repackaged into vesicles in the

1. rough ER
2. Golgi apparatus
3. smooth ER
4. mitochondrion

Photosynthesis takes place in the

1. mitochondrion
2. leucoplast
3. chloroplast
4. Golgi apparatus

These organelles contain digestive enzymes used to digest food or damaged organelles:

1. mitochondria
2. chromoplasts
3. lysosomes
4. centrioles

As glucose is oxidized, the energy harvested is stored in molecules called

1. DNA
2. ATP
3. RNA
4. IRS

Large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum characterize cells specialized for synthesis or metabolism of

1. lipids
2. cellular enzymes
3. proteins
4. mucus

Materials can be transported by __________ to other cell locations.

1. vesicles
2. ribosomes
3. chloroplasts
4. vacuoles

Which of the following is not a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

1. single circular chromosome
2. membrane-bound organelles
3. true nucleus
4. unicellular or multicellular

what is transformation and selection?

what is the descriptive process of selection and transformation?

Why do we have introns and what is the purpose of them?

Why do we waste energy making introns?

The question may be broad but it's something our professor asked us. Thank you.

1. Given that the end of point of apoptosis is the same, describe one way you would expect all of these forms of cell to be the same. (Dead cells is NOT a sufficient answer).

Confused on this question, because one of the earlier question said that some forms of apoptosis do NOT require the activation of the caspases. So i'm not unsure of exactly do they have in common? Is it just that they're revolved around caspase whether it's dependent and independent?

1.Describe the basic process of metamorphosis and give three examples from three different phyla of the varied forms of metamorphosis in the animal kingdom.

2.Animals typically show either radial or bilateral symmetry. Explain what this means and discuss how this affects their ecology and behavior.

3.Only a few groups of animals have conquered land throughout evolutionary history. Identify these groups and describe some of the challenges associated with life on land as opposed to life in water. Given the challenges, what advantages are there to living on land?

4.With over one million species described, arthropods are the most diverse group of animals. In the space below, briefly describe at least three reasons that make arthropods such a successful group of animals.