Please explain the following:

Understand the family of TGF beta signaling molecules (ligands).

Understand that the TGF beta superfamily of growth factor ligands are synthesized and secreted in an Inactive form, and need to be activated extracellularly by proteolytic cleavage.

Understand the structure of the bioactive form of TGF beta.

Understand the family of TGF beta receptor structure and function

1. Describe the steps in the immune response, beginning with an antigen entering the body and ending with activation of the various B- and T-cell types.

36) The majority of homeostatic processes in the human bodywork on the principle of positive feedback control (T / F)

37) Photosynthesis is not an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction

39) Which type of population age structure diagram is associated with low juvenile mortality and low reproductives rates?

40) Which organ system produces developmental hormones?

42) If one parent is heterozygous for a gene and the other parent is homozygous recessives for the same gene, what is the chance that they have a child showing the recessive form of the gene in their phenotype?

Escherichia coli is one of the most common causes of foodborne illness, yet it is also a common microorganism found within the human gut. What explains this disparity? (5 points)

There are several foods and beverages listed in this lab that are created through the actions of microorganisms. Name five of the foods and the specific microorganisms that are used to make each of them. (5 points)

Using an online research tool such as the A-Z index on the CDC website, explain why Listeria monocytogenes is a major threat to pregnant women and their developing fetuses, who are ten times more likely to get sick than other demographic groups. (5 points)

In a comparative Anatomy lab, you found some bones and the jaws are toothed and that the anterior limbs are modified for flight. Determine whether this tetrapod is related phylogenetically to the subclass Archosauria of the Reptilia, to either the subclass Archaeornithes or the Neornithes of the Aves or to the subclass Eutheria of the Mammalia. Describe those aspects of the fossil which allows you to make your determination. IN OTHER WORDS, WHICH OF THE ABOVE ANIMALS POSSESS THE FEATURE, "jaws are toothed and that the anterior limbs are modified for flight." WHY?

Etanercept is a TNF-α antagonist composed of the dimeric fusion protein of extracellular ligand-binding portion of the soluble 75-kDa TNF-α receptor II and the fragment-crystallisable (Fc) portion of human immunoglobulin (IgG).” Based on this quote, what does etanercept compete with? Where does etanercept and its competitor bind?

Suppose that the researchers discovered that OFC and DLPFC patients have comparable P3 responses. First describe the pattern of results that Dynamic filtering theory would normally predict in this experiment, and then explain whether these hypothetical results would fit with that prediction. (neuroscience class qn)

Crews et al Behavior whiptail lizard

1. In the whiptail lizards the female will not undergo normal ovarian growth in the absence of sexual active males. How do parthenogenetic female whiptails get around this problem?

2. How did the species of parthenogenetic whiptails arise?

Caleb Bakersfield, a 42-year-old real estate agent, had just returned from a vacation to Russia. His childhood had been rough because of an alcoholic and abusive father, and Caleb had started his own drug addiction in his early teens. By his early twenties, he was addicted to heroin, lived on the streets, and frequently used dirty needles. In his thirties, Caleb joined a program to beat his addiction and to turn his life around. The trip to Russia was to celebrate a decade of being clean.

Less than two months after his trip, Caleb started having respiratory complications, including a frequent cough and shortness of breath. He figured it was most likely a respiratory infection and made an appointment with his physician.

After listening to Caleb’s lungs, Dr. Bell determines that Caleb most likely has a lower respiratory infection and prescribes the antibiotic azithromycin. Dr. Bell reminds Caleb that it is important to complete his entire course of antibiotics, even if he feels better before he finishes all of the medicine. Dr. Bell also collects a sputum sample (mucus coughed up from the lower respiratory tract) and sends it to the laboratory for evaluation.

1. to measure DNA concentration, if you take 1/10 of a sample and read the A260 and the reading is 1.5. what is the origin Dna concentration?

2. how to prepare a 200 ml 12% 29:1 polyacrylamide gel?

8) A step in ecological succession is called a(n)______

28) DNA fingerprinting utilizes _________

29) Bacteria perform a form of cell division called __________

30)Which level of protein structure involves the coiling of the polypeptide into an alpha helix?

35) If the frequency of 2 alleles in a population is p = 08 and q = 0.2, and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, then the frequency of homozygote recessive genotype is ____________

1: Explain why arteries have an increased resistance to flow compared to vein.

2: Preet is in a bad car accident, she has lost a lot of blood. When the paramedics arrive, her blood pressure is 80/50 mmHg and her hematocrit is 35%.

a/ Would you expect Preet to be experiencing bradycardia or tachycardia? Explain.

b/ The paramedics give Preet an ID drip of normal saline fluid ( a concentration of solutes similar to blood plasma) and rush her to the ER. When she arrives at the ER, predict how the IV fluid would have affected her blood pressure and hematocrit. Explain your predictions?

c/ Why didn’t the paramedics( or ER staff) give Preet shot of EPO?