Which of the solutions below is hyperosmotic, isoosmotic, and hypoosmotic relative to the Red Blood Cells (RBCs) BEFORE and AFTER blood is added?

0.15 M Urea

Before:

After:

What is the osmolarity before and after blood is added?

0.3 M NaCl + 0.3 M Urea

13. Imagine a large inland sea located in a semi-desert region that supports a booming fishing and shipping trade. Through various lines of research, the following facts about this sea have been uncovered: .

e. Thirty years ago, upstream irrigation systems were introduced to supply surrounding farms.

a. About twenty years ago, the water level of the sea began to drop noticeably. Today, over half the water volume has been lost.

b. Salt content of this inland sea has nearly doubled. Strong winds are blowing the salt, which accumulates along the shore, into nearby agricultural lands.

c. Pesticides and other chemicals used in agriculture and adjacent industries have seeped back into the sea.

d. The lack of proper sewage facilities has resulted in the dumping of waste into the sea.

what effects would you expect these factors to have on this ecosystem? Explain your answer. What would you propose as solutions to this potential ecological catastrophe?

1. What non-covalent interactions can (1) Alanine and (2) Threonine acid participate in, as part of tertiary structure at pH 7? Include an explanation of the charges involved (full or partial, permanent or temporary)?

2. Suggest one amino acid whose side chain can participate in a non-covalent interaction with the side chain of alanine, and one amino acid whose side chain can participate in a non-covalent interaction with the side chain of threonine.

How can 1-stearoyl, 2-oleoyl, 3-palmitoyl glycerol be biosynthesized from acetyl-coa? Please include the biosynthesis of all central components of the lipid and any additional components that may be required for its synthesis (exclude cofactors and proteins).

Discuss how histones and nucleosomes interact with DNA and effects of acetylation and methylation incliding it's epigenetic effects.

1. Explain how one gene in Drosophila can code for 17,500 different nerve cell surface proteins.  

2. Outline two modification of the structure of the nucleosome that regulate transcription.

3. Outline how the structure of the operon (location of the promoter, the sequence of genes and the locations of stop and start codons in the mRNAs) allow for coordinated control of an enzymatic pathway.

4. Compare and contrast a repressible operon to an inducible operon. Give one example of each.

1) Please explain how to transform bacterial cells with plasmid DNA.

2) Please explain how to purify plasmid DNA from bacterial cells.

3) How can you use PCR to clone a 2000bp gene into a plasmid vector?

4) Please explain how a fluorescent tag can be used to visualize protein localization in a cell.

A zoologist found that in the population of frogs in Sandra MacGregor’s pond, half the genes for skin color in the gene pool were alleles for green spots, and half the genes were alleles for brown spots. Which of the following could cause this 50:50 proportion to change over time? Select all that apply.

a. A drought shrinks the pond so that only six frogs remain.

b. Brown-spotted females prefer to mate with brown-spotted males.

c. Green-spotted females prefer to mate with brown-spotted males.

d. Filling in a pond across the street causes frogs to move in to MacGregor’s pond.

1. How does an automated gene sequencer detect the specific nucleotide at the end of a DNA fragment?

2.How is genotyping different from genome sequencing?

Compare and contrast the accuracy of reconstructing a person's face (1) using memory and a website such as QuickFace.com or (2) using a genetic profile derived from studies on people with craniofacial disorders.

13. Make a list of all the forensic tests performed in this case. Which do you think is (are) the most reliable? The least?

14. Discuss the importance of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for drawing conclusions from DNA profiles.

15. Which do you think is more reliable for forensic testing, a variation in a DNA sequence, such as a SNP or STR, or a gene expression profile? Cite a reason for your answer.

16. Discuss ethical concerns that could arise from using a prisoner to arrest a relative based on shared DNA sequences.

You are studying how quickly and well individuals learn music under various conditions. You find that siblings reared together learn music with similar speed and success. You find less of a correlation when they are raised apart. You also find that adopted children raised together show less correlation in music learning than genetic siblings do. You conclude:

Group of answer choices

Learning music is an innate trait that depends only on genetics

There is a genetic basis for learning music but also environmental effects

Environmental effects largely determine our ability to learn music

Our ability to learn music is polygenic

Bioinformatics #5

1. According to the KEGG pathway for oxidative phosphorylation, which of the following enzymes do not shuttle protons into the innermembrane space (IMS)?

1.3.5.1

1.3.5.1 and 3.6.3.6

1.6.5.3 and 1.10.2.2

3.6.3.3

2. According to the stoichiometry indicated on the KEGG pathway, ______ matrix protons are consumed and ______ transported to the IMS during the reaction catabolized by Complex I

6;4

4;6

2;6

2;4

3. According to the KEGG pathway and Chapter 15, Complex III transports ____ protons to the IMS per substrate molecule using __ of the Q cycle.

2; both cycles

2; only 1 cycle

4; both cycles

4; only 1 cycle

4. Which of the following statements best describes the oval-shaped arrows involving UQ and UQH2, which are located within the membrane in the colorful KEGG diagram?

The quinone pool remains tightly bound to the membrane surface, where UQ serves as a substrate for Complexes I and II

The quinone pool is loosely bound within the membrane, where UQ serves as the substrate for Complexes I and II

The quinone pool is loosely bound within the membrane, where UQ serves as the substrate for Complex III

The quinone pool is loosely bound within the membrane where UQH2 serves as the substrate for Complexes I and II

5. The KEGG and NCBI databases contain a wealth of information obtained from sequencing and analyzing the complete genome of Acinetobacter baumannii 1656-2, which is a medically important oxidase negative (cytochrome c oxidase- negative) bacterium that is multidrug resistant. For this microorganism, which statement regarding oxidative phosphorylation is correct?

This microbe possesses subunits of cytochrome c oxidase and therefore displays cytochrome c oxidase activity

The formation of ATP depends directly on the oxidation of cytochrome c.

The cytochrome bd complex allows oxygen to be reduced by the quinone pool

Subunit a of the F-type ATPase has 876 amino acids

Bioinformatics #5

1. According to the KEGG pathway for oxidative phosphorylation, which of the following enzymes do not shuttle protons into the innermembrane space (IMS)?

1.3.5.1

1.3.5.1 and 3.6.3.6

1.6.5.3 and 1.10.2.2

3.6.3.3

2. According to the stoichiometry indicated on the KEGG pathway, ______ matrix protons are consumed and ______ transported to the IMS during the reaction catabolized by Complex I

6;4

4;6

2;6

2;4

3. According to the KEGG pathway and Chapter 15, Complex III transports ____ protons to the IMS per substrate molecule using __ of the Q cycle.

2; both cycles

2; only 1 cycle

4; both cycles

4; only 1 cycle

4. Which of the following statements best describes the oval-shaped arrows involving UQ and UQH2, which are located within the membrane in the colorful KEGG diagram?

The quinone pool remains tightly bound to the membrane surface, where UQ serves as a substrate for Complexes I and II

The quinone pool is loosely bound within the membrane, where UQ serves as the substrate for Complexes I and II

The quinone pool is loosely bound within the membrane, where UQ serves as the substrate for Complex III

The quinone pool is loosely bound within the membrane where UQH2 serves as the substrate for Complexes I and II

5. The KEGG and NCBI databases contain a wealth of information obtained from sequencing and analyzing the complete genome of Acinetobacter baumannii 1656-2, which is a medically important oxidase negative (cytochrome c oxidase- negative) bacterium that is multidrug resistant. For this microorganism, which statement regarding oxidative phosphorylation is correct?

This microbe possesses subunits of cytochrome c oxidase and therefore displays cytochrome c oxidase activity

The formation of ATP depends directly on the oxidation of cytochrome c.

The cytochrome bd complex allows oxygen to be reduced by the quinone pool

Subunit a of the F-type ATPase has 876 amino acids