1. Coronaviruses are known to have higher than usual recombination frequencies for RNA viruses. How does recombination play a role in genomic variation? How might it affect the pathology and spread of SARS-CoV-2? anything helps

Heterochromatic regions at the ends of chromosomes that function to control how many times the cell will divide are called:

An individual has two homologs of chromosome 21 and both homologs came from the same parent. Which phenomenon caused this condition?

Although natural selection works to decrease the frequency of deleterious alleles in a population's gene pool, deleterious recessive alleles often remain in the gene pool. What maintains deleterious recessive alleles in a population?

1. What proteins are encoded in the SARS-CoV-2 genome? What is the general function of each?

Currently a lot of research is happening about the corona virus. What type of a laboratory should be used to conduct these investigations and why?

What are mad cow disease and scrapie? Explain the cause and of these diseases and their importance to the meat industry?

Compare between oxidase and catalase enzymes in microbial identification. Provide at least one example for each enzyme.

Discuss the functions of teichoic, dipicolinic acids chitin in microorganisms.

Question 180

KRAS mutations in pancreatic cancer (choose all that apply):

1. are oncogenic
2. are inactivating mutations
3. typically prevent the hydrolysis of bound GTP
4. are the first to appear during PDAC progression
5. can lead to reduced HIFalpha expression

Question 191

Which of the following is an imaging test used to diagnose pancreatic cancer? Choose all that apply.

1. CA19-9 antigen screening
2. Whippel procedure
3. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
4. Computed Tomography scanning

Question 201

Immune cells can promote tumor cell proliferation via activation of:

1. STAT3 pathways that promote angiogenesis
2. NFKB pathways that promote expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
3. MAP Kinase pathways that promote cell proliferation
4. All of the above.

Question 210

Which of the following immune cell types plays a role in establishing a pre-metasatic niche?

1. TAM1 cells
2. neutrophils
3. Mac1+ cells
4. Dendritic cells

Describe the role of Shh in neural tube development

Performing Monohybrid Crosses

A monohybrid cross is addressing the inheritance of one gene. Answer the following questions:

Question 1:

Drosophila melongaster, more commonly known as the fruit fly, can have red or white eyes. You breed a red-eyed fly to a white-eyed fly and get 50 offspring that all have red eyes. Which trait is dominant?

Question 2:

Consider an offspring from the previous question. Its phenotype is red eyes.

What is its genotype? (Circle one of the choices below)

Homozygous dominant, Heterozygous, or Homozygous recessive

Question 3: (2pts)

Next, you perform a cross of two heterozygous, red-eyed flies. They have 100 offspring. How many of these offspring do you predict will have red eyes? Show your work using a Punnett square. [Use letters R and r to designate the alleles]

Question 4:

Suppose you found a fly that had escaped and was flying around your lab. He has red    eyes, but you do not know his genotype. To find out, you cross him with a white eyed fly (since you know her genotype). The result is 50% white eyed and 50% red eyed offspring. What is the escaped fly’s genotype? Explain how you know.

X-linked Inheritance

Consider this imaginary animal, the tree rat. They are usually black, but sometimes they can be purple. The allele for the purple color is X-linked. You manage to capture two of these animals from the same family, a black female and her purple male offspring.

Question 5:

What is the genotype of the black female mother?

Question 6

Do you know the phenotype of the father based on the male offspring? Why or why not?

Question 7: (2pts)

Next you breed the tree rats to each other (inbreeding is acceptable in this case). What percent of the offspring do you expect to be purple? Are any of them female? Use a Punnett square to show your work. [Use the letters B (black) and b (purple) to represent the alleles.]

1.      The chicken ovalbumin gene has five introns and interrupting the coding sequences or exons. How many R-loops will be observed if DNA of the gene and cytoplasmic mRNA are mixed under conditions that allow hybridization? How many R-loops will be observed if nuclear pre-mRNA is used?

Why can't people donate blood who recently have:

a. had a tattoo or a recent piercing?

b. been recently treated with antibiotics?

c. are low on iron?

d. if you don't weigh at least 110 lbs?

e. is a man who has had anal intercourse with another man?

f. have had sex with a sex worker in the past 12 months?

g.  previously received blood transfusions during a medical procedure?

h. been in a relationship with a drug user (injected)?

Hagrid is interested in breeding Hippogrifts, a magical creature with the head and wings of an eagle and the body, rear legs and tail of a horse. Hippogrifts usually have steal color beak (b⁺), orange eyes (r⁺) and sharp talons (d⁺). In a cross between a true-breeding Hippogrift with a black color beak(b) and orange eyes (o⁺) and sharp talons male (d⁺) and a very rare-true breeding Hippogrift with a steal (b⁺), ruby eyes (r) and dull talons (d). He obtains only F1offspring with steal color beaks (b⁺), orange eyes (r+) and sharp talons (d⁺). However, if the F1 males were bred to the rare Hippogrift with a black (b) beak, ruby eyes (r) and dull talons (d), he obtains the following Hippogrifts. Hagrid was very confused with this data. He asked Hermonine to explain the outcome to him.

F2 data

Draw the map of the 3 genes showing their relative distances.

What is the interference?

6. RNA ___________________ is post-transcriptional alteration of sequences in mRNAs.

10. RNA splicing involves two __________ reactions?

14. Peptide bond formation in translation occurs by an _______________catalyzed reaction

17. The protein kinase Raf phosphorylates the protein kinase _______, which then phosphorylates (on both threonine and tyrosine residues) ______________________________.

18. Expression of the immediate early genes triggers the expression of a battery of other downstream genes called ________________________________________________.