3. While practicing social distancing, it’s good to still go outside for a walk, bike ride, or observing nature. While going on a walk and making sure there is always at least 6 ft between you and others, you discover a new tree. In fact, you discover a whole forest of this tree that grows ICE CREAM. Some trees grow pistachio ice cream, and others grow chocolate peanut butter ice cream (to clarify, I mean chocolate ice cream with peanut butter in it… clearly superior to any vanilla with Reese’s mixed in). Some grow giant scoops of ice cream, and others grow small scoops of ice cream. You can’t wait to capitalize on your discovery and start a farm of ice cream trees. But first, you want to figure out how the alleles for the ice cream flavor gene and the scoop size gene are inherited so that you can try to grow large scoops of both flavors of ice cream. You figure out, by performing many crosses, that the chocolate peanut butter allele is dominant and the pistachio allele is recessive. You also find that the large scoop allele is dominant and the small scoop allele is recessive. Now you want to figure out if the flavor gene and the scoop size gene are autosomally linked, or autosomally not-linked. You decide to cross a tree that is homozygous dominant for both flavor and scoop size to a pistachio tree with small scoops. Use F/f for flavor and S/s for scoop size.

a. What are the genotypes of the two trees in the parental generation? (2 points)

b. Draw a Punnett square to indicate what the F2 generation would be if the genes are autosomal linked.

c. Draw a Punnett square to indicate what the F2 generation would be if the genes are autosomal not linked.

d. Your F1 trees produce 100 offspring. 75 of them are chocolate peanut butter trees with large scoops of ice cream. 25 of them are pistachio trees with small scoops. What mode of inheritance do you think is controlling flavor and scoop size, and why? (1 point for correct mode of inheritance, 1 point for explanation).

1. Compare the mouse estrus cycle to that of the human. Specifically, discuss hormones involved and patterns of cell morphology.
2. Discuss the brains role in the estrus cycle.

List the adult reference range for the following tests:   use your book and don’t forget labtestsonline.org as a resource

Reticulocyte %

Serum Iron

Serum ferritin

            Male

            Female

TIBC

Transferrin saturation %

Complete the following chart for the differential diagnosis of Microcytic/Hypochromic Anemias

Explain ferritin levels replace the necessity of performing bone marrow aspirations on cases of suspected iron deficiency anemia.

Explain how hemoglobin electrophoresis is performed.  (page 124)

Explain the results seen in hemoglobin electrophoresis on Thalassemia patients.

1. You are tasked to determine if a specific brand of apple juice has microbial spoilage. What sensory characteristics and/or observation could you use in your determination?

2. Discuss three methods that are commonly used to preserve food.

3. How does determining the thermal resistance of a spoilage organism aid in characterization of a failure in food quality (i.e. why a product spoiled)?

Writing at least 2 complete paragraphs, compare the similarities and differences of the Western and Eastern traditional African cuisines.

The topic is how cancer works?

In general, explain why TKIs are typically given orally whereas monoclonal antibodies are typically given via IV. Which one would you rather take, in your perspective?

TKIs: "Any drug used to treat cancer (including tyrosine kinase inhibitors or TKIs)" TKIs come as pills, taken orally.

IV: Intravenous chemotherapy (IV chemo)

1. explain the connection between ocean acidification and climate change.

2. What positive or negative feedback loops can be found within these systems?

9. (7) What are some similarities and differences between the signal transduction systems of the regulation of chemotaxis and quorum sensing? Your explanation should include a discussion of the functions of the components of each system (e.g. What is the sensor? What is the kinase? What is the response protein and what does it do?).

10. (7) Compare fermentation and respiration: in which process would you have to consume more glucose to get equivalent amounts of ATP? What waste products are produced? How do these waste products affect the overall growth of the bacterium?

11. (6) One result of catabolite repression is diauxic growth of a culture. Briefly explain this phenomenon in relation to global control systems and explain how catabolite repression benefits cells that use it.

            Chromosome Chromosome

            Locus Number Locus   Number                     

Table 1.

1. If you haven’t already done so, calculate the RMP for each of Jane’s loci using the provided allelic frequency information in Table 1 above.  Please show your work.

2. What are the chances of two people sharing Jane’s TPOX and TH01 alleles?  Please show your work. (You may use exponents and round off your answer to two decimal places, eg: 1.21 x 10^-7)

3. What are the chances of someone sharing Jane’s TPOX and TH01 and FGA alleles?  Please show your work. (You may use exponents and round off your answer to two decimal places, eg: 1.21 x 10^-7)

4. Now calculate the total RMP (random match probability) that Jane’s DNA profile above matches the crime scene DNA purely by coincidence? Please show your work. (You may round off your answer to two decimal places and use exponents, eg: 1.21 x 10^-7)

Write 3 paragraphs for reflection and should be do the following:

1. In first paragraph, Summarize the article (attached below).
2. In second paragraph, Connect the article with one of those "The Fossil Record of Human Biological Evolution", "Habitual Bipedalism" or "Fossil Skeleton". Be specific about the connections you make.
3. In third paragraph, Include your own reflection on what you’ve read/learned. What do you think about it?

Article Here: "Evidence Indicates Humans' Early Tree-dwelling Ancestors Were Also Bipedal"

Experiments by a UA anthropologist and his colleagues show that fossil footprints made 3.6 million years ago are the earliest direct evidence of early hominins using the kind of efficient, upright posture and gait now seen in modern humans. More than three million years ago, the ancestors of modern humans were still spending a considerable amount of their lives in trees, but something new was happening. David Raichlen, an assistant professor in the University of Arizona School of Anthropology, and his colleagues at the University at Albany and City University of New York's Lehman College have developed new experimental evidence indicating that these early hominins were walking with a human-like striding gait as long as 3.6 million years ago. The results of their research appears in Monday's edition of PLoS ONE, a journal from the Public Library of Science. A trackway of fossil footprints preserved in volcanic ash deposited 3.6 million years ago was uncovered in Laetoli, Tanzania, more than 30 years ago. The significance of those prints for human evolution has been debated ever since. The most likely individuals to have produced these footprints, which show clear evidence of bipedalism, or walking on two legs, would have been members of the only bipedal species alive in the area at that time, Australopithecus afarensis. That species includes "Lucy," whose skeletal remains are the most complete of any individual A. afarensis found to date. A number of features in the hips, legs and back of this group indicate that they would have walked on two legs while on the ground. But the curved fingers and toes as well as an upward-oriented shoulder blade provide solid evidence that Lucy and other members of her species also would have spent significant time climbing in trees. This morphology differs distinctly from our own genus, Homo, who abandoned arboreal life around 2 million years ago and irrevocably committed to human-like bipedalism. Since the Laetoli tracks were discovered, scientists have debated whether they indicate a modern human-like mode of striding bipedalism, or a less-efficient type of crouched bipedalism more characteristic of chimpanzees whose knees and hips are bent when walking on two legs. To resolve this, Raichlen and his colleagues devised the first biomechanical experiment explicitly designed to address this question. The team built a sand trackway in Raichlen's motion capture lab at the UA and filmed human subjects walking across the sand. The subjects walked both with normal, erect human gaits and then with crouched, chimpanzee-like gaits. Three-dimensional models of the footprints were collected by biological anthropologist Adam Gordon using equipment brought from his Primate Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory at the University at Albany. The researchers examined the relative depth of footprints at the heel and toe, and found that depths are about equal when made by a person walking with an erect gait. In contrast, the toe print is much deeper than the heel print when produced by a crouched gait, a product of the timing of weight transfer over the length of the foot. "Based on previous analyses of the skeletons of Australopithecus afarensis, we expected that the Laetoli footprints would resemble those of someone walking with a bent knee, bent hip gait typical of chimpanzees, and not the striding gait normally used by modern humans," Raichlen said. "But to our surprise, the Laetoli footprints fall completely within the range of normal human footprints." The fossil footprints at Laetoli preserve a remarkably even depth at the toe and heel, just like those of modern humans. "This more human-like form of walking is incredibly energetically efficient, suggesting that reduced energy costs were very important in the evolution of bipedalism prior to the origins of our own genus, Homo," Raichlen said. If the Laetoli footprints were made by Lucy's species, as most scientists agree to be the case, these experimental results have interesting implications for the timing of evolutionary events. "What is fascinating about this study is that it suggests that, at a time when our ancestors had an anatomy well-suited to spending a significant amount of time in the trees, they had already developed a highly efficient, modern human-like mode of bipedalism," said Gordon. "The fossil record indicates that our ancestors did not make a full-time commitment to leaving the trees and walking on the ground until well over a million years after these (Laetoli) prints were made. The fact that partially tree-dwelling animals, like Lucy, had such a remarkably modern gait is a testament to the importance of energetic efficiency in moving around on two legs," Gordon said. "Laetoli Footprints Preserve Earliest Direct Evidence of Human-like Bipedal Biomechanics" will be published in PLoS ONE on Monday, March 22 and can be accessed online.

proteins are directed to the appropriate organelles and how they are imported across the organellar membrane

1. What is the importance of the TATA box and transcription factors

2.What is the importance of initiation complex

3.why should tRNA be charged with N-formylmethionine or methionine, what would happen if the tRNA was not charged?