Explain the relationship between DNA, genes , proteins and amino acids in 100-300 words

1. You cross a true-breeding parental with yellow flowers and oval petals with a true-breeding parental with purple flowers and round petals. The F1 offspring have purple flowers and oval petals.

a. Give the genotypes for the parentals and F1s (you can choose your own letters for the alleles):

yellow flower oval petal parental: _____

purple flower round petal parental: _____

purple flower oval petal F1: _______

b. You perform a cross of the F1s, to produce the F2 generation. You get the following counts of plants of four different phenotypes. Calculate the expected counts for each phenotype.

Phenotype Observed Expected

Purple flower, oval petals 270
Purple flower, round 109
petals

Yellow flower, oval petals 97
Yellow flower, round 24
petals
Total count 500 500

c. Determine the X2 value.

d. How many degrees of freedom? What is the critical value?                  

e. Do you accept or reject your hypothesis that this is a basic dihybrid cross?

1. What would happen if you tried to look at the E. coli cells under the microscope immediately after the decolorizing step?

12. If white flowers are recessive to purple flowers, if two white-flowered peas mate, what proportion of the offspring would be white-flowered?

A) 0                 B) 1.0               C) 3/16             D) 9/16            E) can’t tell

21. What are the Ediacaran fauna?

A. Rainforest organisms that form a “biodiversity pump”.

B. Fossils of the first living things on the planet, billions of years ago, and very tiny

C. A worldwide assemblage of large, animal-like fossils that appear, and vanish, before the contemporary animal fauna appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion.

D. The first life on land.

E. The ancestors of tetrapods

22. Which of the following organisms is an amniote?

A. A frog
B. A platypus
C. An alligator
D. A slime mold
E. B and C

23. A man is stranded on a desert island with NO VEGETATION. For some reason, an intact crate of corn flakes washes ashore with him, and a crate of 15 live chickens. What should he do to survive the longest?

A. Eat the corn flakes then eat the chickens
B. Eat the chickens then eat the corn flakes
C. Feed the corn flakes to the chickens, and eat the chickens one at a time
D. Feed the corn flakes to the chickens, then harvest the eggs from the chickens

E. It doesn’t matter-all the strategies are equivalent

24. Which of the following statements about the relationship between CO₂ and terrestrial climate, are well-supported by evidence?
A. CO₂ in the atmosphere is one of several gasses that have the capacity to effectively trap heat, raising the equilibrium temperature.

B. Periods of low CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere are linked to cold periods in the history of the Earth.

C. CO₂ is drawn down, removed from the atmosphere and incorporated into the biosphere, by photosynthesis.

D. A and B

E. All of the above

25. In Rosemary and Peter Grant’s study of evolution in Galapagos finches, which of the following were Darwin’s views that were NOT supported by the data?

1. Populations evolve by natural selection
2. Individuals with favorable traits pass them to the offspring
3. Some individuals are better suited to survive and reproduce than others
4. Natural selection is a slow, gradual process
5. Since, as scientists, we believe in Darwinism, even if there were data that contradict Darwin’s ideas, Rosemary and Peter Grant never would have published.

Questions 26-27 refer to the following alternatives:

INTERACTION 1: Early summer flowers such as Trillium spp., are pollinated by a variety of flies, and bees. In exchange for providing pollination services, the insects receive nectar and pollen to eat themselves and to feed their young.

INTERACTION 2: Parrotfish are predators of marine invertebrates, including crustaceans, bivalves, and other reef fauna.

INTERACTION 3: Human eyelashes have at least two different species of eyelash mites. These mites feed off of dead skin cells, and obtain a sheltered habitat from us. They do not affect our ability to survive and reproduce.

INTERACTION 4: Humans all over the world harbor worms that live in their bloodstream and other structures. These worms use their human host as a staging area to release their eggs into the environment, and weaken their host, often shortening his or her lifespan.

INTERACTION 5: The desert tortoise shares a burrow with the sidewinder rattlesnake. The snake, unable to dig a burrow of its own, gets a place to sleep during the day. The tortoise gets a venomous snake to guard its burrow.

26. Which is an example of parasitism? A) Interaction 4   B) Interaction 2     C) Interaction 3     D) Interactions 3 and 4          E) None of the above

27. Which is an example of mutualism? A) Interaction 4   B) Interaction 2     C) Interaction 3     D) Interactions 1 and 5          E) None of the above

28. In terms of global climate, which is the most important reservoir for carbon?

A. The atmosphere

B. The biosphere

C. The oceans

D. The soil

E. None of the above are carbon reservoirs

29. What is a blastula?

A) An early stage in animal embryos
B) A feature of fungal reproduction
C) A hollow ball of cells
D) A and B
E) A and C
ANSWER THEM ALL PLZ NO EXPLAINATION REQUIRED

The allele P for PTC tasting (a bitter substance) is dominant over the allele p for nontasting. If 400 students were tested for this ability and 64 were found to be nontasters,

a) Calculate the number of heterozygotes in that population

b) What is the adaptive advantage of being able to taste bitter substances?

1. This procedure recommends preparing E coli as spheroplasts to expose the alkaline phosphatase. Why is this a preferred strategy than simply completely lysing the bacteria completely?

2. Explain the unit 'Unit' when attempting to express a quantity of enzyme. Relate your definiton to the reaction taking place in the PNPP reaction.

1-2 paragraphs would suffice

Describe the chemical and physical attributes, common uses, cultivation, and plant origin of Avocado Oil.

1-2 paragraphs would suffice in detail

Discuss social and cultural implications of when coffee was first introduce to Europe?

Describe one common class of aroma compound used in perfumery?

1.Which statement is true about nuclear fission or bombs?
A moderator slows down neutrons to make fission less likely.
The nuclear bomb dropped on Hiroshima in WWII was called Fat Man.  
A moderator slows down neutrons to make fission more likely.
The nuclear bomb in WWII that used ²³⁵U and a gun-type design was called Fat Man.
The maximum amount of fissile material that will sustain a chain reaction is called the critical mass.

The correct ranking of countries from highest to lowest for either their total nuclear power generation or for their percentage of electrical power from nuclear is:
Total nuclear power generation: France, U.S., China, South Korea
Percentage of electrical power from nuclear : South Korea, U.S., France, China
Total nuclear power generation: France, South Korea, U.S., China
Percentage of electrical power from nuclear : U.S., South Korea, France, China
Total nuclear power generation: U.S., France, China, South Korea

Which statement is true about a nuclear reactor?
Adding the moderator to the reactor slows down fission.
A sudden loss of primary coolant water in a pressurized water reactor slows down fission.  
Removing the control rods from the reactor slows down fission.
Removing the moderator from the reactor speeds up fission.
A sudden loss of primary coolant water in a pressurized water reactor speeds up fission.

Give an example (with applicable reasoning) that explains why developing a HACCP plan could be difficult or challenging. What are two TCS foods that could be affected as a result of a breakdown in HACCP? Noting the importance of HACCP, and in light of HACCP's proven effectiveness, how would you meet the challenges?

Glucocorticoid secretion increases in response to stress. Which of the following
hormones will cause the adrenal gland to release glucocorticoids?
Growth hormone (GH)
adrenaline
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
ACTH

During the Endocrine Ed simulation, what hormone secretion increased when the
lights were turned out allowing Ed to sleep?
a.ACTH
b.adrenaline
c.thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
d.melanin

During labor, the baby's head pushes against the mother's cervix causing nerve
impulses to transmitted to the brain to stimulate release of oxytocin from the
pituitary gland into the blood stream. Increased levels of oxytocin in the blood
stream stimulate uterine contractions which results in the baby's head pushing
against the mother's cervix. The process repeats causing more and more
oxytocin to be released into the blood stream stimulating stronger and more
frequent contractions.
Is this an example of negative feedback?
a.Yes
b.No

Which of the following accurately describes the typical transmission of an
electrical signal through a neuron?
a.cell body>dendrite>axon
b.axon>dendrite>cell body
c.axon>cell body>dendrite
d.dendrite>cell body>axon

Which of the following is defined as a small gap between transmitting and
receiving neurons?
a.cell body
b.axon
c.synaptic terminal
d.synaptic cleft

Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s).

In the central nervous system (CNS), neurons bundled together are called Blank 1.[ ]
. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), neurons bundled together are
called Blank 2 [.]

When you performed the "ruler catching" experiment, which of the following
accurately describes the muscles used to catch the ruler?
a.sensory receptors
b.integration centers in the brain
c.effector cells

When a response "skips" the integration process where the brain makes a decision about
how to respond to a stimulus, how would we describe this action by the nervous system? In
other words, if a response to a stimulus is made involuntary without conscious thought,
how would the relay system used by the nervous system be described?
a.neural integration
.b.motor neuron output
c.sensory input
c.spinal reflex arc