Assuming DNA polymerization by each polymerase in the DNA Pol III holoenzyme proceeds at a rate of 1000 nucleotides per second, how long would anormal E.coli cell take to replicate the entire E .coli chromosome? Under optimal condition, E.coli cells divide every 20minutes. How many replication forks will be present in each E.coli to sustain such a rate of division?

which antibiotic target could have the most toxicity associated with it?

a. 50 S ribosomal unit b. cell wall c. cell membrane

1. Name and draw two derivatives of amino acids beyond the 20 common amino
acids.

2. What effects the efficiency of enzymatic reaction(describe those)?

3. CJD and early-onset Alzheimer’s Disease was shown to be transmittable through the injection of HGH. What would that suggest about the brain-blood barrier?

Note: Please provide a professional 4th-year level with a clear explanation or LEAVE the question for someone else to answer!

Discuss in detail one potential benefit to industry, commerce, or society that is afforded through the implementation of aptamer technology.

How does an autoclave kill microbes so efficiently?

1. How are viral evolution and human evolution different? How are they the same?

• Know components of the ribosome and what they do

• What ultimately characterizes different cells from each other? What makes neurons different from immune cells vs. kidney cells, etc.?

Among 40 individuals, 4 are heterozygous for a particular locus with two alleles (A1 and A2), 16 are homozygous for allele A1, and 20 are homozygous for allele A2.

1. What is the frequency of allele A1?

2.What is chi-squared for your observed/expected genotypes?

3.Does the population depart significantly from Hardy-Weinberg expectations? (For 1 degree of freedom χ,> 3.84 is significant)

Explain one other method (besides electrophoresis) that could be used to purify proteins and compare it to Nickel IMAC?

P.S. Need to explain one method to separate and purify proteins but not electrophoresis, as we have done that in class.

A. All roles of beta-catenin.

B. What are the importance of asymmetric cell division in nematode and

lophotrochozoan blastula

C. What are the cascade of gene classes that pattern the anterior-posterior

axis of drosophila.

D. What are the role of chordamesoderm in patterning the axes of frog and

fish embryos.

A. sketch the fate maps at blastula stage for snails, sea urchins,

tunicates, zebrafish and xenopus.

B. Sketch drosophila development from single cell through

gastrulation.

C. Sketch xenopus development from single cell through

gastrulation