a.) Review the structure and function of a GPCR.

b.) Define signal transduction—include in the definition a listing of all components necessary to carry out this process

c.) Describe the function(s) of signal transduction. Be specific.

d.) Describe the process of desensitization a GPCR goes through.

e.) Some techniques involved in these types of analyses might be protein separation, gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, calcium assays and PCR. Choose one of the five mentioned techniques and detail the theory behind it and how the technique is performed.

Why is Daphne Major an ideal study site AND the birds an ideal subject?

In a sheep brain, we see that the thalamus acts as a relay point for all sensory processing and noted the very large size of this structure.

A. Do you think there are differences between the sensory systems of the sheep and the human? For example, do humans and sheep use each sensory system the same amount, or are there certain senses that are more prominent in sheep or in humans?

B. How would this manifest anatomically?

C. write 2-3 sentences* describing:

(i) its location in the brain

(ii) its neurological relationship to nearby structures

(iii) any neurologic disorders associated with its dysfunction.

Most mammalian cell types do not undergo homologous recombination (HR), and even mouse ES cells do so at low frequency - about 1/200000 cells. However, if you first introduce a crRNA designed to target a mouse genomic sequence next to a PAM site, plus a source of Cas9 protein and a plasmid with homology arms, most mouse cell types will undergo HR with very high frequency -as high as 1/5 or more of the treated cells. What does this tell you about the mechanism of HR in mammalian cells?

A) The critical first step in HR is introduction of a double strand break at the target gene site.
B) Mouse ES cells have DNA repair systems that are defective compared to other cell types.
C) Cas9 protein directly activates expression of HR system genes in mammalian cells.
D) Mouse ES cells contain a larger number of PAM sites than most cell types.
E) Mouse ES cells already express higher levels of Cas9 than most cell types.

Describe the basics of Endler’s guppy study (what did he discover and how did he test it?), AND explain how selection in the guppy study differed from that which the finches on Daphne Major experienced following the drought.

Geneticists have identified a number of mutations of the Drosophila gene, Dorsal. Most mutant alleles result in dorsalized embryos, i.e. all tissues are dorsal. But one mutant allele is dominant to wild-type and results in ventralized embryos, i.e. all tissues are ventral. How can these results can be explained? Choose from answers below.

1. Mutant Dorsal cannot bind Spätzle.
2. Mutant Dorsal cannot bind Cactus.
3. The Dorsal gene is constitutively expressed in the mutant.
4. Mutant Dorsal cannot bind DNA.
Mutant Dorsal initiates signal transduction in the presence or absence of Toll.

Patients with the disease cystic fibrosis make mucus that is much stickier and thicker than usual. While the main effects are in the lungs, the mucus also blocks ducts in the pancreas and prevents the release of pancreatic enzymes.

If Peter had untreated cystic fibrosis, which event(s) above would be greatly decreased? Choose all that apply.

Peter took a bite of the bagel.

Gastric juices broke down the protein from the breakfast.

Nutrients from the latté were secreted into capillaries.

Peristaltic contractions in the stomach churn the food.

Nutrients from the cream cheese entered the lymphatic vessels.

Indigestible wastes passed through Peter’s rectum and anus.

1. How many types of papillae have a human tongue, how many primary tastes recognized.

2. Which part of the tongue is more sensitive to sweet tastes, to salty testes, to sour testes, and to bitter testes.

DO NOT PLAGIARIZE, use outside sources, copy and paste, use other solutions that are on here. Please use your own words. How do you use the scientific method in your everyday life. At first this may seem strange, since you don't think that you use the scientific method at all. But by understanding the terms (like hypothesis, prediction, experiment, variables, controls, data gathering, and analysis), you should be able to relate them to something that you do. For example, some students have talked about how they figure out the quickest driving route to work. They first gather background information (maps, talking to others, etc.), hypothesize which way should be fastest, take the route the next day and time it, try another route a different day and time it, see if there's a difference when they leave, if it's a holiday, and so on. If you think hard about it, there are a lot of things that you do that you ask questions about and try to determine the best way of doing it. Essentially, that's using the scientific method!

i don't need a google answer please! i need it from any nutrition book

What are necessary energy and nutrient requirements essential for normal growth and development during infancy, childhood and adolescence?

Define operant conditioning. Who was the pioneer researcher who studied operant conditioning and generally how was it done? How is operant conditioning adaptive to an animal? What is/are the characteristic(s) of an animal species that uses operant conditioning versus a species that doesn’t use operant conditioning? For animals that use operant conditioning, discuss the restrictions on an animal’s ability to associate its behavior with either good or bad consequences. Why do these restrictions exist?

Describe what we mean by ‘conditional strategy.’ Describe what we mean by ‘optimal behavior.’ (Don’t give examples of an animal using conditional strategy or optimal behavior, rather actually describe conditional strategy and optimal behavior). Describe, with the use of a specific example, how conditional strategy and optimal behavior “interact” for a group of males of a given species that can choose among alternate mating tactics when attempting to mate.

Part I: Each statement below is false. Change the bolded word to make the statement true.

a) Restriction enzymes are used to make DNA circular.

b) Gel electrophoresis can tell you the sequence of a particular DNA fragment.

c) Fluorescence allows you to visualize bands of DNA on a gel.

d) DNA positively charged and is attracted to the negative electrode.

e) The speed at which DNA moves through a gel is directly related to its charge.

f) Larger fragments move fastest and furthest through the agarose gel.

g) When visualizing your gel, you can tell the size of the DNA fragments by the width.

h) Ethidium bromide acts as a buffer to conduct electricity and maintains pH.