Name the three ionotropic glutamate receptors in the brain. For each, identify the ions that move to create the depolarizing effects. What effects does the drug NBQX have on these receptors and on behavior?

Many of the vitamins and minerals are considered to be both essential and toxic, why is this?

1. How does each of your mutations affect the amino acid sequences? Are the mutations missense mutations, silent mutations or nonsense mutations?
   1. Point mutation?
   2. Frameshift-insertion?
   3. Frameshift-deletion

The non mutated Sequence:

1. AUG GAG GUC UUU AAG AGA CAU UUA GAU GUA GCC CUU AGU GAU GUU UAG

Point Mutation:

• AUG GAC GUC UUC AAG AGC CAU UUA GAA GUA GCC CUU AGU GAU GUC UAG
• Translation: Met Asp Val Phe Lys Ser His Leu Glu Val Ala Leu Ser Asp Val Stop.

Frameshift Insertion Mutation:

• AUG UGA GGU UUU UAA GUA GAC AUU UAG AUG UAG CCA CUU AGU GAU GUU UAG
• Translated: Met Stop Gly Leu Stop Val Asp Ila Stop Met Stop Pro Leu Ser Asp Val Stop

Frameshift Deletion Mutation:

• AUG GAG UUU AAG AGA UUA GAU GUA GCC CUU AGU GAU GUU UAG
• Translated: Met Glu Phe Lys Arg Leu Asp Val Ala Leu Ser Asp Val Stop

Most people who are infected with the HTLV-1 virus are asymptomatic carriers. One specific subtype of HTLV-I occurs only in a sub-population of the Japanese population and among the native peoples of the Andes mountain area of northern Chile. The researchers are looking for the presence of HTLV-1 DNA in the bone marrow cells of well-preserved Andean mummies. The presence of HTLV-1 DNA in the mummies, of the same subtype observed in Japan, would indicate that some of the first people to migrate to the New World came from Japan.

You identified the type of genome possessed by HTLV-1 in your previous answer. Explain how/why HTLV-1 DNA might be found in the bone marrow of the mummies. Be thorough and specific in your response.

Briefly describe one way in which behavioral biology aids in the reintroduction of captive-bred animals to wild habitats

This Question refers to the the following Urinalysis Results Chart.

Sample A tests positive for high levels of protein.  When a urine sample tests positive for protein, kidney damage could be to blame.  High levels of urinary protein can be found in the disease of either hypertension or diabetes, because both can cause kidney damage. However, other results can be used to distinguish between these diseases.

Based on the findings listed in Sample A below, conclude whether this patient suffers from hypertension, or suffers from diabetes.  Write your answer in the space below.

Explain what occurs during depolarization and repolarization in the circulatory system?

An example of a mutualistic nutritional (dietary) symbiosis is that between:

1. Streptomyces and the beewolf
2. Vibrio fischeri and the bobtail squid
3. Hogkinia and Cicadas
4. Burkholderia and Bean bugs
5. Salmonella and chickens

Which pathogen enters via a parenteral route?

1. Clostridium tetani
2. Salmonella typhi
3. Treponema pallidum
4. Plasmodium vivax

Are there similar disease’s that might get confused with this hyperthyriodism?

Compare how you would rule in or out the difference’s between the different diseases similar to this hyperthyriodism?

A researcher studies normal human fibroblast cells. They can be maintained in culture but die off after about 30 cell generations. Unexpectedly, a colony of cells continues to survive and divide past 30 generations. Which scenario is most likely true for these cells?

Diabetes mellitus occurs with hyposecretion of insulin or hypoactivity of insulin.

Define polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
Explain why these symptoms occur with diabetes mellitus.

liver cirrohsis

Phenotypes to Genotypes- Background: The IAA3 from wild-type Arabidopsis has been sequenced and is included below as the top strand in the 5’ to 3’ orientation.

        1 gctgttactg ctaccgacaa gcttagcttt ttttcctttg tccttaattc agaaaacagt

       61 ttcttctctc tctaccagta tctatcttta ttctccttta acttgtataa aacactcagc

      121 ttcctcgaag cctctcatct tcatcatcag cagcttctct atatctctcc tctctttcaa

      181 ggataataac caaaagcttt tctttttatc ttctcctgca attcttgaag aaatggatga

      241 gtttgttaac ctcaaggaaa cagagctgag gctgggatta ccgggaacag ataatgtatg

      301 tgaagcaaaa gagagagttt cttgctgtaa taacaacaat aagagagtac tatcaactga

      361 tactgagaag gagattgaat catcatcaag gaaaactgaa acatcccctc ctcgaaagta

      421 agttaaactc acacaaaagt ctctgaatct gtagtggtgg agaattcagt tgattgaccg

      481 tgtttcttcc tttttgcagg gctcagattg ttggatggcc accagttaga tcttacagga

      541 agaacaacat tcagagtaag aagaatgaat ctgagcatga gggtcaagga atctatgtga

      601 aagtaagtat ggatggtgca ccatacttga ggaaaataga tctgagttgt tacaaaggat

      661 actcagagtt gcttaaagct ttagaagtga tgttcaaatt ctctgtggga gagtactttg

      721 agagagatgg atataaaggt tcagactttg tgcctactta tgaagacaaa gatggtgatt

      781 ggatgctcat tggtgatgtt ccatgggagt aagtcttctt tcatatacct gtctgaaaac

      841 aatttccaca aaatcaaaaa tcagaaacaa caattttgta agtgttctta tgggttctgt

      901 ttgttgttgc aggatgttca tatgtacgtg caagagacta aggatcatga aaggatcaga

      961 agccaaaggt ttaggctgtg gtgtatgaga tatatcttca agaaatctaa cagagacaca

     1021 aaagaacttg aagaaaaata gagtttcttt tggttcagag aaatctctgt ctgtgcttgg

     1081 gttgtcgggt ttctcgggca agatctatgt tcattggatt gaatccaatt catagccttt

     1141 atttacctca tcggtaaaat tcaaatgtaa acatgcttaa tggtcttaag catatgaaac

     1201 tggaacctaa ttacattttg tttcagaaac agggcaaaag gttgtcctta aatctttggt

     1261 tatgtgtatt acattaatta aagtgttatg aagattgaag agttgttttt atatttgtag

     1321 caattctgtt ttgcgttctc attgatcaaa gagattttca agca

• Primers have been designed to amplify a specific portion (316 base pairs) of the wild-type gene sequence.

3CF gcaaaagagagagtttcttgctg

3CDR tgcaccatccatacttactttcac

Note: these are in 5’ to 3’ orientation

Question- Locate where the primers will adhere to the sequence and amplify this portion of the gene for identification in gel electrophoresis. Highlight the matching 5’ to 3’ sequencing by changing it to boldface.

1 gctgttactg ctaccgacaa gcttagcttt ttttcctttg tccttaattc agaaaacagt

       61 ttcttctctc tctaccagta tctatcttta ttctccttta acttgtataa aacactcagc

      121 ttcctcgaag cctctcatct tcatcatcag cagcttctct atatctctcc tctctttcaa

      181 ggataataac caaaagcttt tctttttatc ttctcctgca attcttgaag aaatggatga

      241 gtttgttaac ctcaaggaaa cagagctgag gctgggatta ccgggaacag ataatgtatg

      301 tgaagcaaaa gagagagttt cttgctgtaa taacaacaat aagagagtac tatcaactga

      361 tactgagaag gagattgaat catcatcaag gaaaactgaa acatcccctc ctcgaaagta

      421 agttaaactc acacaaaagt ctctgaatct gtagtggtgg agaattcagt tgattgaccg

      481 tgtttcttcc tttttgcagg gctcagattg ttggatggcc accagttaga tcttacagga

      541 agaacaacat tcagagtaag aagaatgaat ctgagcatga gggtcaagga atctatgtga

      601 aagtaagtat ggatggtgca ccatacttga ggaaaataga tctgagttgt tacaaaggat

      661 actcagagtt gcttaaagct ttagaagtga tgttcaaatt ctctgtggga gagtactttg

      721 agagagatgg atataaaggt tcagactttg tgcctactta tgaagacaaa gatggtgatt

      781 ggatgctcat tggtgatgtt ccatgggagt aagtcttctt tcatatacct gtctgaaaac

      841 aatttccaca aaatcaaaaa tcagaaacaa caattttgta agtgttctta tgggttctgt

      901 ttgttgttgc aggatgttca tatgtacgtg caagagacta aggatcatga aaggatcaga

      961 agccaaaggt ttaggctgtg gtgtatgaga tatatcttca agaaatctaa cagagacaca

     1021 aaagaacttg aagaaaaata gagtttcttt tggttcagag aaatctctgt ctgtgcttgg

     1081 gttgtcgggt ttctcgggca agatctatgt tcattggatt gaatccaatt catagccttt

     1141 atttacctca tcggtaaaat tcaaatgtaa acatgcttaa tggtcttaag catatgaaac

     1201 tggaacctaa ttacattttg tttcagaaac agggcaaaag gttgtcctta aatctttggt

     1261 tatgtgtatt acattaatta aagtgttatg aagattgaag agttgttttt atatttgtag

     1321 caattctgtt ttgcgttctc attgatcaaa gagattttca agca

Paracrine signaling mechanisms and transcription factors have been seen to play key roles in several different developmental processes throughout both the invertebrate and vertebrate animal kingdom.

a. Pick ONE signaling mechanism. Using two different developmental stages/processes, within ONE organism, and describe HOW it is used in each.

Pick ONE signaling mechanism. Using two different model organisms studied this semester, Compare and Contrast how that ONE mechanism is used at the SAME developmental stage/process in each.