Discuss the role of phytochemicals and the B vitamin folate in decreasing cancer risk.

develop a hypothesis for human or animal behavior, in which the behavior is better explained by evolutionary history (ancestry), rather than as a perfect adaptation to the environment

a) Discuss in detail the differences between marsupial and placental mammals b) Describe the Marsupial orders of mammals in detail.

An organism has 27 chromosomes. Use a * to represent centromeres, and a $ to represent repetitive regions of DNA caused by transposable elements. Chromosome 4 has the sequence A$BC*$DE, while chromosome 17 has the sequence L$MNO$*PQ.

1. If chromosome 17 misaligns with itself (without flipping backward) during meiosis I and undergoes crossing over in the repetitive region, what will be the sequences of chromosome 17 that result in each of the four gametes produced by this cell?

2. What abnormal chromosome sequences could be created if chromosome 4 misaligned with itself (without flipping backward) (there should be 2 of these)?

3. Which of the abnormal sequences would be likely to be left hanging out in the cytoplasm (where it would likely degrade) without being tugged into either nucleus?

4. If instead of misaligning with itself, chromosome 4 aligned with chromosome 17 (without flipping backward or having any double crossover events), provide 6 of these sequences, and label the ones that have too many or too few centromeres?

5. For a Eukaryotic animal cell, is it generally more deleterious to be triploid or to have trisomy of a single chromosome? Why is triploidy an impossible long-term state for the generations that come after a triploid organism that reproduces sexually?

What are the products of gametogenesis?

A. Females- 1 egg ; Males- 2 sperm

B. Females – 4 eggs ; Males- 4 sperm

C. Females- 4 eggs ; Males- 1 sperm

D. Females- 1 egg ; Males- 4 sperm

ANT 120

Lab 1: The Forces of Evolution

There are four mechanisms that can lead to evolutionary change from one generation to the next: mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift. In this laboratory exercise we will examine the action of genetic drift and natural selection. The key difference between these two mechanisms, which can be difficult to get a handle on without direct experimentation, is that natural selection privileges some individuals over others on the basis of their biological traits while genetic drift privileges some individuals over others with no regard to their biological traits.

Data Table for Genetic Drift Experiment

Data Table for Natural Selection Experiment

Using the data, answer the questions on the other side of this sheet.

Questions

1. Compare the results from the genetic drift experiments to the natural selection experiments. Are there any clear differences in the results? If so, what is the reason for the differences?

2. In cases where one of the colors of beetle was eliminated, how could the allele for this color re-enter the population? Which forces of evolution would be required?

3. From these experiments, how might genetic drift and natural selection affect natural populations of organisms differently? If the population of beetles was 20,000 instead of 20 (and 10,000 survived each generation) how would this influence the effects of genetic drift vs. natural selection?

4. Is the outcome of genetic drift or natural selection more predictable? How might these different mechanisms of evolutionary change relate to functional traits of organisms?

Write a paragraph long comment you currently have after learning a bit about the evolution of behavior (about evolution, natural selction). In particular, think about the implications of the idea that behavior is heritable, and has emerged from the behavior of ancestral species.

Which reactions of phase I and phase II metabolism require energy, and where does this energy come from (in what molecular form)?

21. A mother’s use of cigarettes and alcohol is most damaging to the fetus during the third trimester of pregnancy.

22. It is possible for healthy individuals to be carriers for a dominant genetic disease.

23. “Phenotype” refers to the allelic composition of an individual while “genotype” is what is expressed.  

24. Transcription refers to the process of transferring DNA sequence information to RNA.

25. There is little scientific consensus regarding the idea that current global climate change is largely human-induced.

26. The term “anthropogenic” refers to changes in the environment that are naturally-occurring.  

Related "Africana Studies" course, please define below vocabulary in your own words:

ethnology

Jim Crow

lynch

N.A.A.C.P.

Niagara Movement

progeny

Social Darwinism

The Philadelphia Negro

3.  Which of the following is a function of the testes

(A) sperm production (B) sperm storage (C) seminal fluid production (D) progesterone production (E) none of the above.

4.  A single germ cell yields how many mature sperm cells? (A) 1    (B) 2    (C) 3    (D) 4    (E) 5.

5.  The prostate gland functions in

(A) stimulating ejaculation (B) adding seminal fluids to the sperm   (C) nursing the developing sperm (D) secreting testosterone (E) none of the above.

6.  Ovulation is a term used to describe the  

(A) union of male and female nuclei (B) release of a secondary oocyte (C) production and release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone by the pituitary gland (D) breakdown and shedding of the uterine wall from the previous ovarian cycle   (E) none of the above.

7. The point at which the developing embryo attaches to the endometrium is called  

(A) ovulation (B) fertilization (C) implantation (D) menstruation (E) none of the above.

8. Prior to the beginning which process(es) of cell division are the chromosomes copied?  

(A) mitosis  (B) meiosis 1  (C) meiosis 2  (D) both A and B  (E) A, B and C.

1. What impacts can mutations have on organisms? Can they be harmful? Can they be beneficial?

2. why every cell does not express all of its genes?

Scenario 1.  

A recent research publication connected migraine headache frequency with a single nucleotide polymorphism.  The affected gene encodes the TRPM8 channel protein that transports ions across a membrane.  Interestingly, this genetic variation may have become common in northern European populations because it also grants them a higher tolerance to cold temperatures

1.  Sequencing of the TRPM8 gene and the surrounding region of the chromosome has been completed.

1. Describe how you know where transcription of this gene would start.
2. Describe how you know where translation of this gene would start.

2.  Using the TRPM8 gene/protein as an example, indicate where you would find this type of bond, what they are made from, and describe how they are formed.

a)  phosphodiester bonds

b)  peptide bonds

3.  A new TRPM8 mutation has been identified in a family in Indiana.  This protein has a missense mutation in the sequence that results in a mutation labelled T118S.

a)  What does this mutation notation indicate?

b)  Using the genetic code, dictate the RNA sequence for this region.

c)  What is the DNA sequence of the template strand for this region?

xplain how antibiotic resistance develops from a population of susceptible bacteria.