Gene duplication, as part of plant nuclear genome evolution, is considered an important contributor to total gene number and to overall genome size. In recent plant nuclear genome evolution, and post gene duplication, is sub-functionalisation or specialisation believed to be the mostly likely contributor to increased gene number in plant species with larger sized genomes? Explain your answer.
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D. Using a molecular biology based approach; foreign pieces of DNA can be readily integrated into the nuclear genomes of a number of plant species via the use of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Agrobacterium) Tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmid and its encoded Transfer-DNA (T-DNA). For the Agrobacterium Ti plasmid and T-DNA to be used successfully for the introduction of foreign DNA to the plant nuclear genome, some gene sequences need to be retained while others must be removed. Please state; (1) which gene sequences are retained and which are removed; (2) the position (Ti plasmid-based or T-DNA-based) of the retained and removed sequences, and; (3) explain why some gene sequences must be retained while others require removal.
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Transposons and retrotransposons are two prominent classes of repetitive DNA in the nuclear genome of plants. Both of these repetitive DNA species are capable of moving throughout the plant nuclear genome via transposition. Describe the mechanism of transposition for each of these mobile DNA elements and further, which is considered one of the main contributors to increased nuclear genome size and which is more likely to influence gene expression post transposition. Explain your answer.
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A. The vast majority of the DNA sequence of a plant nuclear genome is composed of repetitive DNA with only a small fraction of the genome space representing protein coding gene sequences. Discuss the structure of chromatin in repeat-rich and gene-rich regions of the plant nuclear genome, including the methylation status of the DNA in these two distinct genome regions. Also, describe the conformational change in chromatin structure required to promote gene expression and explain why this conformational change is required.
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Summarize the steps of cellular respiration (glycolysis, TCA cycle and electron-transport chain) identifying the starting material and end product for each stage, where in the cell it takes place, energy requirements and energy yields for each stage, and coenzymes involved in each stage.
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SHORT EXPLANATION
Describe the freshwater and seawater habitats of microorganism .
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Table 3: Temperature Effects on Catalase (pg 251 in lab manual):
Time (sec) |
Tubes 2 & 3 00C |
Tubes 4 & 5 220C |
Tubes 6 & 7 370C |
Tubes 8 & 9 480C |
Tubes 10 & 11 1000C |
20 |
0.096 |
0.136 |
0.137 |
0.124 |
0 |
40 |
0.164 |
0.206 |
0.245 |
0.226 |
0 |
60 |
0.226 |
0.275 |
0.339 |
0.313 |
0 |
80 |
0.284 |
0.337 |
0.413 |
0.379 |
0 |
100 |
0.335 |
0.38 |
0.466 |
0.452 |
0 |
120 |
0.378 |
0.412 |
0.495 |
0.497 |
0 |
Follow the same procedure described for enzyme availability to plot the five data series on the same graph (again, scatter plot). Record the reaction rates in table 4 below.
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1. The FITT principle is used to create a safe and effective exercise program? T/F
2. Does the hatha yoga improve Cardio Respiratory Endurance (CRE)? T/F
3. Reduced risk of heart disease is a benefit of CRE? T/F
4. Increased resting heart rate is a benefit of CRE? T/F
5. 7 days a week of CRE is recommended? T/F
6. Static stretching is preferred over ballistic is stretching for increased flexibility? T/F
7. 2-3 days a week performing a stretching routine is recommended for increased flexibility. T/F
8. At the end of an exercise session it is optimal to hold a static stretch for 15-30 seconds? T/F
9. It is important to always stretch before warming- up? T/F
10. Joint structure can restrict a person’s range of motion? T/F
11. A waist size of greater than 35 inches for women and 40 inches for men is considered increased health risk? T/F
12. A Body Mass Index of 18.5- 24.9 is considered unhealthy? T/F
13. Overweight is usually defined as total body weight above the recommended range for good health? T/F
14. Obesity negatively affects joints health and overall mobility? T/F
15. To improve muscular endurance, it is best to use light resistance with many repetitions? T/F
16. To improve muscular strength and endurance, it is best to use medium resistance medium number of repetitions? T/F
17. An isotonic contraction is a muscular contraction with no joint motion? T/F
18. Increased muscle mass leads to decreased metabolic rate? T/F
19. Compared with men women have the same capacity for increased strength? T/F
20. Progressive overload is not important for improving overall fitness? T/F
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1. WHICH OF YOUR genotypes were you able to better determine after consideration of phenotypes of your parent and siblings?
2. WHY DON’T RECESSIVE traits always eventually disappear from populations?
3. WHAT FRACTION OF recessive alleles are “hidden” in heterozygotes for each of the eight single-gene traits that you studied?
4. HOW MANY GENERATIONS would it take to eliminate at least 95% of the alleles for the recessive gene for the inability to taste PTC is a tyrant eliminated those who could not taste PTC from every generation before they could pass on their recessive alleles?
5. WHY MIGHT YOU expect the locus that governs lactose tolerance/intolerance to not be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
6. WHAT MAY HAVE led to errors in your determining you total ridge count and how confident are you in the reliability of the heritability for this trait that you calculated?
7. IQ IS ANOTHER characteristic that is apparently heavily influenced by both genes and environment. What other human characteristics are likely to fall into this class?
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Explain how the process of meiosis generates genetic diversity. (use the terms below to explain)
Homologous chromosomes
gamete
haploid
chromatids
Crossing over
Genetic diversity
Sexual reproduction
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2a. Which of these substances is not found in the cell membrane?
2b. In the past meat was preserved by coating it with salt. One reason that this worked was that the salt, with a little bit of water, is __________relative to bacteria, and water would move _________ the bacteria killing them (hint: think beef jerky!!!!).
2c. Solution A 10% salt, is compared to Solution B, 5% salt. Solution A is
2e. Food coloring added to a container of water will eventually become evenly distributed even without stirring due to
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Materials are received, chemically modified and repackaged into vesicles in the
Photosynthesis takes place in the
These organelles contain digestive enzymes used to digest food or damaged organelles:
As glucose is oxidized, the energy harvested is stored in molecules called
Large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum characterize cells specialized for synthesis or metabolism of
Materials can be transported by __________ to other cell locations.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
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