Generally speaking, the DNA sequences of introns evolve relatively rapidly, and are not well conserved. Nevertheless, it is still possible that the existence and the location of an intron may have been conserved, that is whether an intron has existed at that exact location in that gene over a long period of evolutionary history. How (specifically) would you go about determining whether or not the existence of a particular intron has been conserved in evolution? Would you focus on the alignment of protein sequences, or DNA sequences, or both, or something else? Why?

Distinguish in biochemical detail between ?-oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A patient in the hospital has an intravenous catheter inserted to allow for the delivery of medications, fluids, and electrolytes. Four days after the catheter is inserted, the patient develops a fever and an infection in the skin around the catheter. Blood cultures reveal that the patient has a blood-borne infection. Tests in the clinical laboratory identify the blood-borne pathogen as Staphylococcus epidermidis, and antibiotic susceptibility tests are performed to provide doctors with essential information for selecting the best drug for treatment of the infection. Antibacterial chemotherapy is initiated and delivered through the intravenous catheter that was originally inserted into the patient. Within 7 days, the skin infection is gone, blood cultures are negative for S. epidermidis, and the antibacterial chemotherapy is discontinued. However, 2 days after discontinuing the antibacterial chemotherapy, the patient develops another fever and skin infection and the blood cultures are positive for the same strain of S. epidermidis that had been isolated the previous week. This time, doctors remove the intravenous catheter and administer oral antibiotics, which successfully treat both the skin and blood-borne infection caused by S. epidermidis. Furthermore, the infection does not return after discontinuing the oral antibacterial chemotherapy. What are some possible reasons why intravenous chemotherapy failed to completely cure the patient despite laboratory tests showing the bacterial strain was susceptible to the prescribed antibiotic? Why might the second round of antibiotic therapy have been more successful? Justify your answers.

Why would there be steatosis (lipid accumulation) in the liver of a patient with Systemic Carnitine deficiency? Why will skeletal muscle carnitine content remain below normal despite high-dose carnitine therapy in this patient?

1. Describe the effect of aging on the ANS?

2. What effect would cutting the vagus nerve branch that innervates the stomach have on gastric function?

3. In what ways are the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system different?

1)Wild-type snapdragon plants have green leaves.

Gardeners discovered and bred a new variety of the snapdragon plant that had golden leaves rather than green leaves. A cross between two golden snapdragons produced two types of progeny, some with golden leaves and some with green leaves, in a 2:1 ratio.

This phenotype ratio is typical of:

Group of answer choices

Incomplete dominance

Complementation

Maternal effect

Recessive lethality

2)Wild-type plants of the squash family synthesize a bitter chemical, cucurbitacin, that is toxic.

Through selective breeding, gardeners created squash varieties that are edible; these carry mutations in the enzymes needed to synthesize cucurbitacin. However, cross-pollination between different varieties with mutations in different genes produces progeny that are toxic!

This is an example of:

Group of answer choices

1-Maternal effect

2-Complementation

3-Recessive lethality

4-Incomplete penetrance

I) A 77-year-old woman was cooking in the kitchen when she collapsed onto the floor. Her daughter called an ambulance and the woman was taken to the emergency room. She had suffered a stroke, and slowly regained consciousness over the next two days. However, when she woke up, she had the following signs and symptoms: - paralysis of the right face and arm - loss of sensation to touch on the skin of the right face and arm - inability to answer questions but ability to understand what was said to her - ability to write down her thoughts more easily than to speak them

Questions : 1. Based upon the patient's symptoms, which lobe(s) blood supply is/are distrupted? (Be Specific)

2. Why was she paralyzed in the right face and arm?

3. What is the name of her language disorder, and what caused it?

4. Was this woman's dominant or non-dominant hemisphere damaged?

II) Define the following terms with an explanation/example(s):

a) Aphasia

b) Ataxia

c) Cerebrovascular accident

d) Cerebral palsy

i) Describe the etiology and types of CP?

ii) What treatment options (if any) are available?

Which statement is INCORRECT regarding voltage-gated potassium channels?

- The gating of the channel involves movements of transmembrane helices.
- The K+ is transported down its concentration gradient.

- A cytoplasmic inactivation peptide blocks the channel in response to voltage changes.

- K+ coordinates to C=0 groups in the channel.

- All of the above.

Learning Task 18-02: Genetic Disorders

1. Research and write a brief description of each genetic disorder. 1- Huntington Disease 2- Tay-Sachs Disease 3-Marfan Syndrome 4- Cystic Fibrosis 5-Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
2. For each disease, state the chances that a child would be born with the disease:
   • if one parent carries the gene; and
   • if both parents carry the gene.

3. Explain how you arrived at your answers. Use Punnett squares to help justify your response for each disease.

Mismatch Repair:

Base Excision Repair:

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Direct Repair

Your landscape design scenario is a new landscape that utilizes plant species with very low evapotranspiration value. The microclimate is high with an unprotected environment in a windy area. The plant density is moderate since it is a new landscape. What is the Landscape Coefficient for this landscape using the numbers provided in the table below

HIGH MODERATE LOW VERY LOW

SPECIES FACTOR .8 .5 .2 .1

DENSITY 1.2 1.0 .7

MICROCLIMATE 1.3 1.0 .6

1. We discussed phage in the context of sausage fermentation; it is also a serious concern in many modern, high-throughput cheese fermentations. However, phage problems never occur during traditional sauerkraut or kefir fermentations. Why would this be the case?

2. Is phage likely to be a problem in beer fermentations? Why or why not?

Discuss the signal transduction pathway involved in de-etiolation or another process that occurs within plants that involves a signal transduction pathway. Include the following: the signal, the receptor, the response, amplification, the role of calcium, and the response.

Death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis usually results from respiratory infection secondary to compromised respiratory function.

II. Name three each of unencapsulated and encapsulated sensory receptors and tell what they are used for.

III. What would be the advantage of having a nerve come from a spinal nerve plexus? Explain, using an example of such a nerve and a potential damage to it.

If you have TAG molecule in adipose cells, how can fatty acids get into mitochondrial matrix? (starting with TAG in adipose cells and ending with fatty acyl-CoA in matrix; draw the flow and explain details).