First, explain the disadvantage of using VOCs as defense signals and then list ways in which the VOCs might provide advantages that outweigh the disadvantages.

The PCR reaction will be carried out with the following cycle conditions: 95 degrees C for 45 seconds, 65 degrees C for 45 seconds, and 72 degrees C for 1 minute 45 seconds. Which of these three temperatures represents the annealing step?

72? degrees  

The minimal amount of time required for one of these steps varies depending upon the D1S80 allele that is being amplified. Which of these three temperatures represents this step?

____ degrees

After studying the textbook reading assignment, pick a specific organ or structure from the systems covered this week. Describe how its form supports its function. Discuss the relationship of form and function in general and suggest ways that particular organs or structures might be improved to better fit their functions. Tell us about the organ system that it is part of, and describe some specific ways that system interacts with at least one other organ system.

Family History Taking/Pedigree Construction Assignment


Mary Jones Fictitious Family History

Mary Jones, age 47, is presenting to the family practice office as a new patient due to a change in her insurance coverage. Her history is as follows; in the past she has had 2 normal screening mammograms (last one performed 14 months ago) and all past pap smears have been negative (the last one performed 13 months ago). She has had two full term pregnancies and one documented miscarriage. She is currently an administrator in a community hospital. She exercises regularly and has no chronic health conditions. She has been married for 13 years.

For this assignment you will need to construct Mary Jones’s family pedigree. In order to do this, you will first need to take a family history. Please provide a list of detailed questions you would ask Mary to construct her family pedigree. Once you have completed your questions you will then use the information below to construct the pedigree.

The following bulleted text contains information about Mary’s family members (you can choose / make up the ancestral backgrounds of the different family branches)

• Mary’s 1st child: Cathy Baker, age 31, healthy, has a son and daughter ages 10 and 4. Cathy lives out of state, infrequently communicates with her mother, was adopted and raised by her paternal grandparents. There is no information about Cathy's biological father's health other than he is alive as are his parents. Nothing else is known about his family history.

• Mary’s Twin son and daughter, age 8, o Son, Derrick - (twin A) has Down syndrome, is healthy (used to have problems with ear infections but this has resolved), no structural heart anomalies, wears glasses, is mainstreamed in 2nd grade classes with full time teacher aide, receives speech services in school o Daughter, Tammie - (twin B) healthy, in 2nd grade, good student

• Miscarriage was two years prior to delivery of the twins. The miscarriage occurred during the 1st trimester. Gender is unknown. No testing was performed on fetal tissue.

• Husband, David Jones, is 50 years old and healthy. He does not have children from previous relationships.

• Mary has no brothers or sisters.

• Her mother, Martha Stewart, is 70 years old, has insulin dependent diabetes, started taking insulin in early 50s, is obese, and on medications for high blood pressure o Her mother had 5 siblings - 2 are still living: Sister, Hannah, died at age 8 years from pneumonia Sister, Susan, died in her mid 70s from complications of diabetes. She had 1 son who is in his 50's, apparently healthy and he has 4 adult children - health status and number of offspring unknown Brother, Bill Junior, died at age 3 from pneumonia Living sister; Debbie, is in her late 60s, is also obese and takes insulin injections. She has 4 children: 3 boys and 1 girl - health status and number of children unknown Living brother; Mike, is in his early 60's, is on dialysis, is an alcoholic, has two sons - health status and number of children unknown (birth order: Hannah, Susan, Martha, Bill, Debbie, Mike)

• Her father, Bill Stewart, died last year at age 69, COD - liver failure, was also said to have an enlarged heart, rarely drank alcohol, was slender in build, was on medication for arthritis in the hips and knees. O Bill's only brother, David, is 67 years old, and has arthritis. He has one son who is healthy and he has 2 sons.

• Mary’s Maternal grandmother, died in her 60's due to female cancer
• Mary’s Maternal grandfather, died in his 60's, cirrhosis of the liver, was an alcoholic
• Mary’s Paternal grandmother died in her 80's, heart failure
• Mary’s Paternal grandfather, died in his late 50's, lung cancer, heavy smoker

I will rate it with thumbs up.
I need answers.

3. In mice, genes for albinism (a), chronic inflammation (i), and reduced sense of smell (r) are linked.  You initially crossed a mouse that is homozygous dominant for all three traits with a mouse that is homozygous recessive for all three traits.  You then crossed several of the resulting F₁ offspring to mice that are homozygous recessive for all three traits.  You observe the following phenotypes in the offspring:

a. (3 points) Diagram a map between these three genes and calculate the map distances between the genes.

b. (3 points) Calculate the coefficient of coincidence and the interference values for double crossovers amongst these genes.

c. (2 points) Using the interference value calculated in part (b), how many double recombinant F₂ progeny will you observe if you continue to breed your F₁ mice until you have 200 total offspring?

d. (2 points) If a fourth gene (z) exhibits 50% recombination with gene i, 36% recombination with gene a and 50% recombination with gene r, is this gene on the same chromosome or a separate chromosome?  If gene z is on the same chromosome as the other three genes, indicate its location by copying and modifying your genetic map from part (a).

Please for part c and d explain it with detail because i have more problem with part c and d , thank you

I got to the part in bold and I have no idea where to go from here.

Step 1:Find the pair with the smallest distance.

Step 2:Join them in one group and draw those branches.

Step 3:Compute average distance between this group and all other taxa one-by-one and create new table with those values.

Step 4:Repeat Steps 1 to 3 using the new distance matrix.

Based on above data, find the first two characters with the shortest distance and draw those branches with the respective distances on the branches below according to the example given in class or online. This should be your first two branch tips.

C and D is the pair with the shortest distance as it is 2 units. A sub tree will be drawn with the branch point half way between the two given units. Each branch is 1 unit as this is 2 units divided equally and each point is 1 unit away from the center node.

Recalculate distances based on the combination of the last characters. This first table has been partially filled out for you. Determine and enter the missing values. (You need not fill out the boxes above the dashes as they are mirror values to the below-dash values.)

Draw the next branch pair based on the shortest distance of your newly determined values and label each branch with its length and each tip with its character.

Recalculate new distances using the below table.

Draw new branches.

Recalculate distances.

Draw new branches.

Recalculate Distances.

Draw new branches.

Summarize the general approach for identification of your unknowns in one or few phrases.

a) Explain the polarity of monomers of microtubules? What it results from?
b) Although it is not possible to distinguish the polarity of intermediate filaments. Explain why

Please choose an environmental topic of your choice and read/research the topic and write a short 3-4 page essay outlining the key areas of the topic/issue. This is a topic that you would like to learn more about so that you can share that information in your essay.

The essay should contain:

Title

Introduction - include a brief introduction to the topic, indicating the key areas and why you are interested in the topic/issue.

Body - You should include all of the key areas from the introduction, with supporting information.

Conclusion - You will want to wrap your paper up with a conclusion that includes your views on the topic/issue and how you think the topic or issue should/could be addressed.

References - You will want to include all references in a reference section. You must have at least two references, text, journal, paper, or other.

Which of the following BEST describes a way that meiosis generates genetic variation? Group of answer choices Chromosomes replicate during S phase, but do not replicate again after meiosis I. Alleles from egg and sperm separate during meiosis I. Homologues within tetrads line up randomly along either side of the metaphase plate in meiosis II. Sister chromatids separate evenly into gametes during meiosis II.

Design a strategy to treat a MDR-bacteria-infected patient using one of the drugs other than penicillin or its derivatives (other beta-lactams are OK).

a)     What is your drug?

b)    What is the basic structure of your drug?

c)     What is the cellular target of your drug?

d)    What is its relative half-life?

e)    What side effects does your drug have?

Describe the action of NADPH-Oxidase. What reaction does it catalyze? What is/are its substrates and the product(s) of it's activity?

Fill in the blank

The majority of ALL living things is made of _______________________________. This accounts for 70% of your body. A small percentage of ions and small molecules are found in all living things. An example of this would be ________________. About 25% of ALL living things are composed of large molecules called __________________________. They come in four types: proteins, carbohydrates, ___________________, and nucleic acids. The majority of these large molecules (more than half) are ____________________________.

here are two types of nucleic acids, they are _____________ and _____________. They are composed (made of) smaller pieces called __________________________ that are put together by enzymes, a type of _______________________. (Another biomolecule). The main function of nucleic acids is to ______________________________________________________________.

Label each food with a “U” for unsaturated fat, an “S” for saturated fat, or a “T” for trans fat.

It is 3pm and you are hungry, but it is too early for dinner so you decide to eat a Snickers bar. Since a Snickers has sugar, fat and protein many of the metabolic pathways you have learned about this semester kick into gear.

a. Explain (words or diagram or combo of both) how the fat from the candy is processed, starting with absorption in the digestive system and ending with storage in adipose cells.

b. Apply the redundancy = efficiency theme specifically between glucose metabolism and protein metabolism from the ingested candy bar. You may write sentences, draw diagrams, make a bulleted list, etc. or any combo.