The future challenges that demand continuous collaboration in the world public health sector:

Explain:

Reduce treatment and drug costs in the future.
The increase of natural disasters and outbreaks of diseases.
The threat of bioterrorism.

GATA family of transcription factors are important regulators of cell identity. The family member GATA1 is required for the switch from an immature erythroid cell into a mature red blood cell. As part of this switch, GATA1 binds to the consensus DNA sequence GATAAA through interactions with the DNA major groove. One of the results is the massive upregulation of globin mRNA.

Design a set of experiments to demonstrate that GATA1 binds to GATAAA containing sequences and does so through major groove recognition/binding mechanisms.

2. Use examples of molecular evolution and DNA sequences from lecture and the text to illustrate how you can test hypotheses of neutral evolution, negative selection, and positive selection.

What is the yield of ATP when each of the following substrates is completely oxidized to CO2 by a mammalian cell homogenate? Assume that a mole of NADH and FADH2 could generate 2.5 and 1.5 moles of ATP, respectively. Explain your answers. (a) pyruvate (b) fructose-1,6-diphosphate (c) phosphoenol pyruvate (d) glucose (e) dihydroxy acetone phosphate

Examples of endergonic reactions/processes are:

a. chemotaxis

b. transcription

c. H+ gradient generation

d. Calvin-Benson Cycle

e. all are endergonic

Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words: As you have learned this week, bacterial cells have the ability acquire genetic traits by swapping genes with other bacterial cells. If you were a bacterium, what genetic traits would you find most helpful to acquire?

4. Define uncoupling proteins (UCPs) and describe what is their effect in the mitochondrial electrochemical gradient.

6) CRISPR-Cas9 and genome editing:

1. Briefly explain the prevailing hypothesis for the bacterial origins and function of CRISPR-Cas9 (prior to its use in genome engineering).
2. Identify and briefly explain 3 important technical issues that have been identified as major hurdles to conducting CRISPR on germline cells in humans (e.g., technical things we need to solve before it would ever be reasonable to make CRISPR babies, for example). For this question, we can ignore the  large number of ethical issues, and just focus on the technical ones.

Main functions of the nervous system. Some axons and dendrites are coated with a sheath made of Schwann cells. What is the functions of this covering.

What structure was present on the polychaetes that is missing from the earthworm and leech?

• Know-how p53 is activated during the cell cycle and what two outcomes are possible – know the signaling pathways (you do not have to know how PUMA induces apoptosis, just that it does)

• Know the types of chemical modulators of receptors – agonist/antagonist

• Know the G-protein-linked signaling pathway – how it is activated and what happens downstream – be able to describe the signaling pathways that lead to PKA and PKC activation

• Know the tyrosine-kinase signaling pathway – how it is activated and what happens downstream

• Be able to explain a dominant-negative mutant and constitutive mutant receptor in signaling

• Know the types of cell junctions

• Difference between a benign and malignant tumor

• “Seed & soil” hypothesis of cancer metastasis

• Know & describe the 10 hallmarks of cancer

• Know the four most common causes of cancer

• Know the difference between an oncogene and a tumor suppressor

• Understand the immune surveillance theory

• Know the phases of the cell cycle and what occurs at each stage

• Know where the checkpoints (restriction points) occur in the cell cycle and what influences each checkpoint

• Understand the role of cyclins and CDKs – which one is regulatory and which one has the enzyme activity