Several international students have performed a glucose tolerance test as part of a scientific study of lactase persistence. Here are the results:

1. Draw line graphs (all on the same grid) to show this data visually. Use a different color for each person.

2. Based on your graph, divide these students into two groups.

3. Imagine that the same test had been done on these individuals as babies. What do you predict the shape of the graph would be like? EXPLAIN your reasoning.

4. When someone takes a blood glucose test, they are usually asked to fast for twelve hours before the test. Why do you think this is done?

5. Would it be a mistake to consider blood glucose level a proxy data? EXPLAIN.

Assuming 1.5 ATP per FADH, 2.5 ATP per NADH in mitochondria, compare approximately how many ATP equivalents would be generated from the complete oxidation of 12-carbon worth of

a. saturated fatty acid

b. sugar (e.g. glucose)

Show work (possibly drawing out the cycle).

Which of the following is a type of genetic modification? Select ALL that apply.

**3.Which of the following are components of the disarmed plasmid used to create transformant plants? Select ALL that apply.

Which of the following is not a risk factor for hypertension?

. A student cut three identical slices from a potato. She determined the mass of each slice. She then placed them in labeled beakers and added a different solution to each beaker. After 30 minutes, she removed each potato slice from its solution, removed the excess liquid with a paper towel, and determined the mass of each slice. The change in mass was calculated and the results are shown in the data table below.

Change in Mass of Potato in Different Solutions: Initial Mass 17.0 grams, 17.6 grams , 16.4 grams / Final Mass 22.0 grams ,17.6 grams ,15.8 grams

Identify the process that is responsible for the change in mass of each of the three slices. _Explain why the potato slice in beaker 1 increased in mass._________

Question 8 [14 marks / 14 minutes]
Design mutations of hypothetical protein-coding genes:
a)Design a null mutation where the site of the mutation is outside the Open Reading Frame (ORF).Explain how your mutation fits the definition of a null mutation. [5 marks]
b)What type of mutagen could generate your null mutation? Explain.[2 marks]
c)Design a mutation that is not a null allele. Explain the consequence of your mutation for thefunction of the protein. [5 marks]
d)What type of mutagen could generate your second mutation? Explain.[2 marks]

Orangutans are an endangered species in their natural environment (the islands of Borneo and Sumatra), so a captive-breeding program has been established by using orangutans currently held in zoos around the world. One component of this program is cytogenetic research. This research has shown that orangutans from the two islands have different forms of chromosome 2. Before this cytogenetic difference became known, some matings were carried out between animals from different islands, and 14 hybrid progeny are now being raised in the breeding program.

1. What term/s describe the difference/s between these chromosomes?

2. Draw the chromosomes 2 pairing of such a hybrid individual, during the first meiotic prophase.

3. In 40% of meioses, there will be a crossover somewhere in the region between bands p1.1 and q1.2. Draw the chromosomes 2 gametes that would result from a meiosis in which a single crossover occurred within band q1.1.

4. What fraction of the gametes produced by a hybrid orangutan will give rise to viable progeny, if only these chromosomes differ between the parents?

Question 9 [11 marks / 11 minutes]
This question is about regulation of expression of the trp operon by control of attenuation. Assume there are intermediate levels of tryptophan, such that TrpR (the repressor protein) is inactive.
a)Design a mutation within the 5’ UTR of the trp operon that would give the outcome below.Explain how your mutation would result in that outcome.
i.increased expression of the operon relative to wildtype[4 marks]
ii.decreased expression of the operon relative to wildtype[4 marks]
b)Predict and explain the effect of insertion of T-A basepairs immediately after region 3, such thaturacils are transcribed. Assume this insertion does not change the ability of regions 1, 2, 3 or 4to form stem-loop structures. [3 marks]

What is the science behind microarray methods and how it does work?

Please answer the following related to the concept of evolution:

A. What are three characteristics of the skeletons of vertebrate animals (such as a dog, cat, horse, or primate) that suggest they represent homologous structures? What is a homologous structure?

B. Why do the fossils of whales and their ancestors support the idea that whales evolved from a four-legged terrestrial vertebrate mammal?

Peter and Rosemary Grant's work on the Galapagos finches showed that

A) Darwin's postulate of inheritance can be proven with the discovery of genes

B) Darwin's postulate of fitness is not supported

C) Darwin's postulate of variation is not supported as each island contained only one type of finch

D) Darwin's postulate of struggle was demonstrated by a drought causing finch populations to plummet

How would eukaryotic genes that do not have operons ensure simultaneous expression of different genes?

This is for my assignment can you please explain in a simple way, and can you please advise me some readings about this so I can further read on it. Thank you so much.

Which of the following statements regarding voltage-gated sodium channels are TRUE? Choose all of the correct answers.