When a stem cell undergoes asymmetric cell division, what are the two cell types typically formed?

List three ways stem cells protect their genomic DNA.

What are the two main lineages derived from hematopoietic stem cells? List two differentiated cell types derived from each lineage.

Some people believe that cancers form from mutated stem cells. What data from the study of CML supports this theory?

Many DNA polymerases have two catalytic activities. What are they?

What is the phenotype of a mouse in which the proof-reading activity of DNA polymerase has been eliminated through mutation?

When a mistake occurs during DNA replication, it is important for the cell to identify which base is correct and which is incorrect. What clue is used by the repair machinery to determine which base(s) to remove?

What is a microsatellite and how can they lead to random base insertions and deletions in the DNA sequence?

Some (but not all) cancers display microsatellite instability. How does this instability usually arise?

Many bases undergo deamination, but deamination of 5-methylcytosine is very frequent. What base is formed when 5-methylcytosine undergoes deamination?

What products are formed from single electron reduction of O2 to H2O?

Name 3 sources of reactive oxygen species in living tissue.

Would you expect a mouse with a deleted 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine glycosylase to have a higher or lower cancer risk?

Compare how X rays and UV damage DNA.

What are the two major photoproducts formed by UV radiation?

Many environmental agents can alkylate DNA. What is the specialized repair mechanism used by the cell to repair this type of damage?

Many carcinogens enter the body as non-reactive pro-carcinogens. How do they become carcinogens?

Why do cytochrome P450 enzymes attach oxygen molecules to pro-carcinogens?

List three cytochrome P450 substrates that are thought to be human pro-carcinogens and indicate where they come from.

Many dietary pro-carcinogens are absorbed by the small intestine. What is their next destination and where does most of their metabolism usually occur?

What are phase I and phase II enzymes?

What is glutathione and how do glutathione-S-transferases protect cells from carcinogens?

Name a cruciferous vegetable and one of its “active” ingredients with regard to cancer prevention.

How does sulforaphane impact Keap1 and Nrf2 in the cell? What kind of proteins are Keap1 and Nrf2?

Compare base excision DNA repair and nucleotide excision repair. What types of lesions are repaired by BER and which are repaired by NER?

How many XP genes are there? Are XP individuals homozygous or heterozygous at a mutant XP locus?

Most of the XP genes encode proteins involved in: ____________.

Approximately how many base pairs are replaced following NER and BER?

Are BRCA1 and 2 genes best viewed as gatekeeper or caretaker genes?

There are two ways a cell can repair a double strand DNA break. What are they called and which is more error prone?

Which double strand break repair pathway requires a sister chromatid?

What is the difference between chromosomal instability and microsatellite instability? How do these states arise?

In a normal cell, mitosis will not occur until the spindle assembly checkpoint in passed. What event satisfies the spindle activated checkpoint? What happens when this checkpoint in deficient?

What is the role of centromere tension for passing the spindle assembly checkpoint?

Explain and give an example of what an allele is, how alleles are related to an individual's genotype and phenotype, and how alleles are related to genes, DNA, and chromosomes. Please include in your explanation what it means to be heterozygous vs. homozygous, dominant vs. recessive, and give an example of a gene that exhibits incomplete dominance and explain how that impacts the pattern of inheritance.

A group of cells is assayed for DNA content and is found to have an average of 8 picograms of DNA per nucleus. Picograms are a relatively small unit of weight. You stimulate your cells to enter mitosis, and keep checking for DNA content. 1 point each

How many picograms per nucleus would be found at the end of G1? _____________

How many picograms per nucleus would be found at the end of S? _____________

How many picograms per nucleus would be found at the end of G2? _____________

How many picograms per nucleus would be found at the end of mitosis? _____________

Which of the following statement(s) about p53 are true?

2. Describe the structure of a typical amino acid and explain how they chemically combine to make a protein

3. Describe the process of catabolic repression by glucose concentration, as seen in the lac operon control.

1. Explain the primary differences between sea urchin and frog development during the processes of fertilization, cleavage, and gastrulation. In your answer, provide a basic description of each process, describe the developmental stage that results, explain the differences between sea urchin and frog embryos, and use the terms cortical reaction, cortical rotation, induction, and involution.

Fertilization:

Cleavage:

Gastrulation:

What is the direct cause of ovulation?

Succession/resilience/fire ecology: Should ecosystems that are highly resistant to disturbance also be highly resilient, or, would they be inversely related where resistant ecosystems would have low resilience (and vice versa)?   There is no known consistent answer to this in the ecology literature, so providing justification for one position or providing logical arguments for both positions would be perfectly acceptable.

Draw the lac operon promoter region with all its regulators (and polymerase if appropriate) in the PRESENCE OF LACTOSE and the ABSENCE OF GLUCOSE in the growth media in bacteria with a mutation in the lac repressor which prevents it from binding lactose and a mutation in the CAP that prevents it from binding cAMP. Indicate the level of transcription from the lac operon under those conditions (no expression, low expression, or high expression).

My assignment is to write an essay no more than 4 pages on this topic. I've already done about half a page but my prof doesn't have the best notes and I'm not to good with research.

What are the non-molecular epigenetic mechanisms? What is their importance to evolution and how they challenge traditional evolutionary theory. You must use examples.

How the following processes each contribute to animal development: regional specification, cell differentiation, morphogenesis, growth, and developmental time (also known as temporal control). Use citations from peer-reviewed scientific journal articles or the textbook to support your ideas.

Entropy is

A. order

B. complexity

C. disorder

D. Both order and disorder are correct

E. Both complexity and disorder are corre

How can small molecules make their way past the cell membrane?

A. they pass through transmembrane channel proteins

B. they are hydrophobic

C. they are hydrophilic

Cell theory states that

A. life is spontaneously generated

B. New cells come only from pre-existing cells

C. cells can form from non-organic material

Animals store energy in a polymer composed of many glucose molecules called:

A. glycogen

B. cellulose

C. chitin

D. starch

A cell produces 36 ATPs per glucose, however, if you calculated the total energy in a glucose molecule, 90 ATPs should be generated. Why is this so?

A. Some of the energy is destroyed

B. Some of the energy is used to do work in the cell

C. Some energy is lost as heat

In animal cells the primary organelle that generates molecules of ATP is the

A. ribosome

B. lysosome

C. Golgi body

D. mitochondrion

What is osmosis?

A. entry of water into cells through transmembrane channel proteins

B. formation of ATP

C. asorption of water through a membrane

Which organelle carries out the bulk of respiration?

A. chloroplasts

B. Golgi apparatus

C. mitochondria

The process of converting the energy from food molecules into energy of ATP is

A. cellular respiration

B. catalysis

C. thermodynamics

D. photosynthesis

bjects that are moving are said to possess:

A. kinetic energy

B. potential energy

C. entropy

D. living energy

Glycolysis

A. uses oxygen

B. does not use oxygen

C. uses carbon dioxide

What are the inputs and the output molecules for respiration?

A. input sugar and oxygen; output carbon dioxide and water

B. input oxygen and water; output sugar and carbon dioxide

C. input carbon dioxide and water;output sugar and oxygen

what is the connection between B-oxidation and the urea cycle?