Question

Metabolism is essential to life and is the process by which cells make energy to carry out all of the processes required for them to survive. Metabolism requires that the organism transport substances from the environment into the cell to utilize in their metabolic pathways. Bacteria have a diverse array of potential metabolic processes to make energy. Given the information below (A. and B.), describe how the organisms would make ATP in the environment they are found. Make sure to discuss in detail each of the pathways, including the starting products, end products, components of the ETC (if applicable), how the cell makes ATP during this process, where in the cell each of these pathways occur and the transport mechanism(s) utilized to move the starting products from the environment into the cell.

A. An anaerobic organism that is only able to ferment lactose.

B. A facultative aerobic organism that is in an environment that lacks oxygen but is rich in

nitrate which can serve as a terminal electron acceptor

Answer 1

TCA cycle is very good and effect process in this context. And it is the major route for generation of ATP as well. And anaplerosis and aerobic organisms are most important aspect of it.

The ETC consists of a series of electron carrier that eventually transfers electron from NADH and FADH2 to O2 , the chemiosmotic theory states that transfer of electron down an ETC through a series of oxidation reduction reaction that release energy.

A) an anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even diet free oxygen is present. This is may be unicellular ( bacteria) or multicellular. Some of use fermentation while other uses anaerobic respiration.

Example- 6 H2O +2 ADP+2 phosphate 》 2 lactic acid +2ATP.

In this reaction 150kj mol energy are released.

2) Dentrifying bacteria are anaerobic bacteria that rely mostly on nitrate respiration when soil are waterlogged. It is a aerobic dentrification or co respiration that simultaneously use both O2 and nitrate is as oxidizing agents

Nitrate- NO2 - NO - N2O - N2

C6H12O6+6O2》6CO2+6H2O

Foraminafera are able to respiration nitrate instead of O2 it is a rare ability among eukaryotes. In case of benthic foraminifera when O2 is depleted but that dentrification is their preferred respiration pathway .Nitrate is an important macronutrients.

The TCA cycle operates only aerobic condition because it requires a supply of NAD+ and FAD.

The electron acceptor are regenerated when NADH and FADH2 transfer their electron to O2 through the ETC with ATP production.

In case of improve animal or human there are many states of anaplerosis like that of

Formation of oxaloacetate in the mitochondrial matrix by carboxylation of pyruvate.

Formation of alpha ketoglutarateand ammonia

And produce some keto acid and alanine.