One page ( on Word, 400 words) summary of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine at 2012

Please dont send in a hand-written picture.. they are hard to read.

What three forms of RNA are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Why are these three common to all organisms (describe their cellular functions)?

1. In your own words, describe the four types of inducible repression. Explain how they cause repression (4 pts each). Identify whether they are cis acting or trans acting (1 pt each).

1-Explane these process and the role of bacteria:

- Ammonification

- Nitrification

- Denitrification,

2- Identify three beneficial results of symbiotic nitrogen fixation

3- Outline the sulfur cycle, and explain the roles of microorganisms in this cycle

Antibiotics are used to eliminate which organisms.

Short Discussion – 1 paragraph

What makes DNA and RNA good templates? What makes proteins poor templates?

Microbiology!

1. If allolactose is not present, the lac repressor will stay bound to the operator, and the lac operon will not be transcribed. TRUE OR FALSE

2. The transfer of a plasmid from one cell to another through direct cell-to-cell contact is called _____________.

-Transformation

-Mutation

-Transduction

-Conjugation

3. Bacteria that can naturally take up free DNA and recombine it into their chromosome are called ______________.

- F+ cells

-transformed

-competent

-transduced

a) Explain the difference between "non-native species" and "invasive species".

b) Provide three examples of invasive plants in California, provide a brief explanation for your examples including where they are from originally, how they arrived here and became established, and why they are considered invasive.

1. Describe the various ways extinction rates are measured, in other words how do we estimate the loss of biodiversity on our planet.

2. What are the principal threats to biodiversity? Describe the decline of two species in which multiple threats have contributed to their decline.

Question: The alien species has decided that they want to use a ray gun on you that will duplicate or remove one of the 23 types of chromosomes in all of your body cells. You get to choose which chromosome is affected (choose the the one that would impact your life the least).

If your last name begins with H-Z, choose a chromosome that will be duplicated (only one will be duplicated so you will now have 47 chromosomes).

List 5 types of important genes found on that chromosome and list the source where you got this info.is chromosome( 1,2,3,X,y ) is correct.

1. What are the main differences between the subject areas in human biology, human evolution, and human ecology? What are the Key similarities?

2. From studying nonindustrial societies, what can we learn about enviormental problems like pollution and global warming?

3. What are the main features of a hunter-gatherer lifestyle? What insight does the study of ! Kung hunter-gatherers offer for understanding human biology?

Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Describe the overall processes (not each detail) and explain why each is important. Be sure to include what type of cell (diploid of haploid) each process starts with, in what location of the body it takes place, and the end result (what is produced)? Please note in a diagram or in words whether or not the beginning cell and the final cells contain sister chromatids and/or homologous chromosomes.

The genetic term “loss of function” is used to describe any mutation in the DNA that leads to a particular protein that cannot function. There are many reasons why a protein may not be functioning any longer…digging into your knowledge on the mechanism of gene expression and gene expression regulation, describe a mutation that could lead to a loss of function mutation. Where is the mutation in the gene? What function of gene expression or gene expression regulation is it affecting? How is it leading to a loss of function for the protein encoded for within that gene?

But I’m going to restrict your answer…describe a mechanism that DOES NOT include a point mutation leading to missense, nonsense, or frameshift – in other words, choose a mutation/mechanism other than a mutation that leads to a change in the protein-coding region of a mature mRNA. I want you to think outside of that particular box.