Structure and function of

transthyretin

mucin 2

catalase

calmodulin

Thanks

Does tiger lily disperse or migrate? describe what it does with more details.

You have constructed a DNA probe using the amino acid sequence of insulin ( a short piece of DNA carrying a label, such as radioactivity , which can hybridize with your target DNA ) to find your target gene. Explain your probe is a. single strand or double strand, and why . B. which part of the gene (intron, exon, promoter, etc..) is this probe binding to .

Explain how energy is harnessed by and then flows through ecosystems. Describe the major trophic levels. How efficient is the transfer of energy and what limits that efficiency?

Prediabetes is considered a reversible condition.

Enzymes are a diverse group of __________?

• A. lipids
• B. carbohydrates
• C. proteins
• D. nucleic acids

Diabetes insipidus is characterized by:

• A. polyuria
• B. polydipsia
• C. A and B
• D. neither A nor B

How is the dictyostelium discoideum communicate with each other and what is the motility and chemotaxis in dictyostelium discoideum

please explain detailed

A number of genetic deficiencies in acyl CoA dehydrogenases have been described. This deficiency presents early in life after a period of fasting. Symptoms include vomiting, lethargy, and sometimes coma. Not only is the blood concentration of glucose low (hypoglycemia), but starvation-induced ketosis is absent. Provide a biochemical explanation for these last two observations.

1. For the following cases, what are the signs AND symptoms mentioned, whether the patient has them or not? (30)
   1. The patient was a 4-month-old female with congenital heart disease who was admitted to the hospital in January with severe respiratory distress. Five days prior to admission she had developed a cough and rhinitis. Two days later she began wheezing and was noted to have a fever. She was brought to the emergency room when she became lethargic. On examination she was agitated and coughing. She had a fever of 38.9⁰C, tachycardia with a pulse of 220, tachypnea with respirations of 80/min., and a blood pressure of 90/58 mm Hg.
   2. A 35-year-old woman is seen for easy fatigue for many months. She is now 24 weeks pregnant with her 3rd child in 3 years. She does not see any obstetrician and does not take any vitamins. Lately, she has developed a taste for eating ice. She has no other complaint. Family and past history are negative. She does not smoke or drink. Physical examination is positive for pale conjunctiva, mild spooning of nails, and an II/VI systolic murmur at left lower sternal border. Stools are negative for occult blood
   3. A 26-year-old female presents to you in the STD clinic with a complaint of fever of three days duration, nausea, and lower abdominal pain. She denies a history of dysuria, hematuria, or genital ulcerations. She denies that she may be pregnant. She has an intrauterine device for 2 years. She takes no prescribed medications and she has no allergies. On examination, she has a temperature of 390C, pulse rate of 110 per minute, respiration rate of 28 per minute, and B/P of 100/60. She is ill appearing and diaphoretic. There is no lymphadenapathy. She has right lower quadrant tenderness to deep palpation. Bowel sounds are present but hypoactive. Her pelvic examination reveals right adnexal tenderness and cervical motion tenderness. The uterus is tender and slightly enlarged. Thick yellow vaginal discharge is sent for microbiological studies.

What is an advantage of an enzyme with multiple domains each with a different catalytic site?

EVOLUTION

1. The biologist J.B.S. Haldane was once explaining kin selection to some friends in a pub.  As the story goes, he scribbled some calculations on an envelope and announced that he would be willing to die for two brothers or eight cousins. Explain his reasoning.

26. The surface water, ground water, ice and atmospheric water vapor make up the earth’s ______________________________________.

27. Bacteria that convert nitrates into nitrogen gas, thus allowing it to re-enter the atmosphere, in the process of _________________.

a. Ammonification

b. Nitrification

c. Denitrification

28. Eutrophication carries excess _______________________ and _____________________ from fertilizer run-off into waterways, with deleterious results.

a. Nitrogen and carbon

b. Nitrogen and phosphorus

c. Carbon and phosphorus

d. Sulfur and nitrogen

29. The element found in ALL organic matter and present in high levels in fossil fuels is _________________________.

a. Carbon

b. Nitrogen

c. Phosphorous

d. Sulfur

30. In the water cycle, water is taken into the atmosphere by:

a. Condensation and precipitation

b. Subsurface water flow

c. Surface runoff and snowmelt

d. Evaporation and sublimation

31. Most groundwater reservoirs, or _______________, are the source of drinking or irrigation water drawn up through wells.

32. The subtropical desert and the arctic tundra are similar in the fact that they both:

a. Have similar temperatures

b. Have frequent fires

c. Have low water supply

d. Have high biodiversity

33. The ___________________ is the most diverse biome, locates in the equatorial region, and characterized by abundant seasonal rainfall.

a. Arctic tundra

b. Tropical rainforest

c. Boreal rain forest

d. Temperate forest

e. Temperate grassland

f. Chaparral

g. Savanna

h. Desert

34. The scrub forest found in coastal California, along the Mediterranean Sea, and along the southern coast of Australia is known as the __________________________. It has dry summers and is adapted to periodic fires.

a. Arctic tundra

b. Tropical rainforest

c. Boreal rain forest

d. Temperate forest

e. Temperate grassland

f. Chaparral

g. Savanna

h. Desert

35. Frequently in the rain shadow of mountains, the ___________________ have low species diversity due to low and unpredictable rainfall.

a. Arctic tundra

b. Tropical rainforest

c. Boreal rain forest

d. Temperate forest

e. Temperate grassland

f. Chaparral

g. Savanna

h. Desert

36. You are snorkeling along the bottom of the ocean, looking for sand dollars and starfish lying on the sand. You are in the _________________________ realm or zone.

a. Aphotic

b. Neritic

c. Oceanic

d. Benthic

e. Intertidal

37. Phytoplankton and plants can be found in the horizontal __________________ zone of the ocean, the area where photosynthesis occurs.

a. Aphotic

b. Photic

c. Pelagic

d. Benthic

e. Oceanic

38. Marshes and swamps typically have a nearly continuous cover of emergent vegetation. These areas are also know as ___________________________, and help reduce the impacts from storms and floods.

a. Channel

b. Source water

c. Wetland

39. All of the earth’s open ocean is referred to as the _________________________ zone.

a. Aphotic

b. Photic

c. Pelagic

d. Benthic

e. Oceanic

40. Which of the following is NOT an example of ecosystem services?

a. Production of food and clean water

b. Climate control

c. Harvesting of crops

d. Crop pollination

e. Waste decomposition

41. True of False: Species are becoming extinct today at ever accelerating rates.

42. There were once many thriving ecosystems in the United States, from the coastal regions to the temperate forests to the prairies of the temperate grasslands. This is an example of ____________________ diversity.

a. Chemical

b. Genetic

c. Human derived

d. Ecosystem

43. The core threat to global biodiversity is considered to be:

a. Methane gas production by livestock

b. Over-farming of agricultural land

c. Human overpopulation

d. Over-fishing of marine species

44. Of the following four threats to biodiversity, which is just now starting to have an impact, and is predicted to have a much larger impact in this century?

a. Habitat loss

b. Anthropogenic climate change

c. Overharvesting

d. Introduction of foreign species

45. Which of the following is NOT a consequence of global warming?

a. Rising sea levels

b. Altered migratory pathways

c. An overabundance of saltwater and a shortage of freshwater

d. Extinctions due to starvation and habitat loss

e. All of them are potential consequences of climate change

46. Atmospheric carbon dioxide has reached never-before-seen levels due to fossil fuel combustion, and is often referred to as a ____________________________ gas.

47. Decimation of rain forests in order to plant palm oil is one of the causes of extinction that occurs due to ______________________ loss.

48. Which of the following statements concerning the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) treat of 1975 is false?

a. It requires each country to develop a maintenance plan fro threatened species

b. In only regulates international movement of threatened species or their parts

c. It depends upon the willingness of individual countries to investigate and enforce the restrictions

d. All of them are true

49. Mass extinction(s):

a. Have never happened but are predicted

b. Occurred once during the ice age

c. Have occurred five times

d. Occur approximately every 1000 years

50. Removal of dams and allowing the return of natural river flow is an example of habitat __________________.

Using the red, blue, yellow and green beads, devise and lay out a three color code for each of the following letters (codon). For example Z = green : red : green.

In the spaces below the letter, record your “code”.

                E:            H:            I:            K:            L:

_ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _

               O:           S:            T:            U:

_ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _

Create codons for:    Start:            Stop:            Space:

                 _ _ _            _ _ _              _ _ _

Using this code, align the beads corresponding to the appropriate letter to write the following sentence (don’t forget start, space and stop): The mouse likes most cheese

How many beads did you use?

There are multiple ways your cells can read a sequence of DNA and build slightly different proteins from the same strand. We will not go through the process here, but as an illustration of this “alternate splicing”, remove codons (beads) 52 - 66 from your sentence above.

What does the sentence say now? (re-write the entire sentence)

Mutations are simply changes in the sequence of nucleotides. There are three ways this occurs:

1. Change a nucleotide(s)

2. Remove a nucleotide(s)

3. Add a nucleotide(s)

Using the sentence from exercise 2B:

Change the 24^th bead to a different color. What does the sentence say now (re-read the entire sentence)? Does the sentence still make sense?

Replace the 24^th bead and remove the 20^th bead (remember what was there). What does the sentence say (re-read the entire sentence)? Does the sentence still make sense? If it doesn’t make sense as a sentence, are there any words that do? If so, what words still make sense?

Replace the 20^th bead and add one between bead numbers 50 and 51. What does the sentence say now? Does the sentence still make sense?

In 3.a (above) you mutated one letter. What role do you think the redundancy of the genetic code plays in this type of change?

Based on your observations, why do you suppose the mutations we made in 3.b and 3.c are called frame shift mutations?

Which mutations do you suspect have the greatest consequence? Why?

What gives rise to different variations of traits within a species?

Lab Exercise 10 - ISOLATION OF DNA FROM PLANTS

Introduction

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells (animals, plants, fungi, and protists). DNA contains information to direct the cell in the manufacture of proteins. Proteins control development, organ function, metabolism, enzymatic reactions, photosynthesis, muscle action, brain activity, and many other cellular processes. DNA is often referred to as the “blueprint for life”.

DNA is a polymer composed of the nucleotide bases guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), and cytosine (C), and two sugar/phosphate backbones. Two DNA strands are twisted to form a double helix. The number of nucleotide bases (G, A, T, C) in each human cell is about 3 billion. The 3 billion base pairs in the human genome are located on 46 strands of DNA called chromosomes. The Human Genome Project has determined the order of the nucleotides on each chromosome. A gene is a sequence of nucleotide bases (DNA) that codes for a specific protein. Human DNA contains about 20,000 genes while the cells of the rice plant contain over 40,000 genes.

In the DNA isolation procedure, plant cell walls and cell membranes are broken down by blending or mashing and heating the cells. Detergent in the extraction solution dissolves lipids in the cell membrane causing the cells to lyse. When cells undergo lysis, the cellular components, including the DNA, are released. The technique of filtration uses a medium, in this case cheesecloth, to separate solids from liquids. The resultant material is referred to as filtrate. When cold ethanol is added to the filtrate, DNA precipitates at the water/ethanol interface. Although an individual DNA molecule is not visible with the naked eye, DNA isolated from large quantities of cells can be observed.

Procedure: Isolation of DNA from plants

Strawberry seeds also contain large amounts of DNA, a commonly cultivated strawberry, Fragaria ananassa, is octoploid – contains eight sets of chromosomes in each cell.

Materials

*Strawberries

*Ice in tray

fork                 

100 ml beaker

Scissors

95% Ethyl alcohol, ice cold

Plastic bag                                                      

PART ONE: Lyse plant cells

1. Obtain one medium size strawberry. Frozen strawberries seem to work best. Place the strawberry into the plastic bag, use a fork or prees to mash the strawberry thoroughly. Place the mashed strawberry into a 250 ml beaker

3. Use the graduated cylinder to measure 30 ml extraction buffer that has been pre-heated to 60^oC.

4. Swirl mixtures constantly for 5 minutes.

Questions

What occurs to cell membranes when exposed to detergent in the DNA extraction?

Describe cell lysis.

PART TWO: Filter plant cell extract

Obtain a pieces of double-layer cheesecloth and a 50 ml beakers. Place a piece of cheesecloth over the conical tube, you may use the rubber band to secure the cheese cloth. Carefully filter strawberry until about 10 ml have been obtained.

Discard the cheesecloth containing the solid plant remnants (regular trash).

Questions

List 3 molecules that have passed through the cheesecloth into the filtrate

What molecular basis does filtration select - charge, solubility, size, density?

Where is the plant DNA now located?

PART THREE: Precipitate DNA:

1. Use a graduated cylinder to measure (20 ml) ice-cold ethanol. Slowly pour the ethanol down the side of the conical tube so that the ethanol is layered over the filtrate. DO NOT MIX.

2. Let the preparation sit undisturbed for up to 5 minutes. Observe the interface.

At this point, PHOTOGRAPH YOUR WORK. Submit the image along with this worksheet to the assignment drop box in the course.

PART FOUR: Spool DNA

Spool DNA from the conical tube onto a wooden rod. Obtain as much DNA as possible on the rod. Lift the DNA out of the solution and blot the excess alcohol on a paper towel.

Use a wooden rod to spool the DNA as demonstrated by the instructor.

Describe the appearance of the DNA in terms of color and substance

What is the role of ethanol in the DNA extraction procedure?

Record Observations (the appearance of DNA and other observations during spooling)