Using model materials to demonstrate DNA replication

1.    Present a detailed analysis of DNA replication at one replication fork. Use drawing, descriptions, and/or captions detailing the process.

2.    In the analysis include the following:

a.    Show how the leading and lagging strands are synthesized

b.    Show the proteins (enzymes) involved in DNA replication and what their functions are

2.  Which vaccine is a toxoid?

3.What contributes to the diversity in the Influenza virus?

4. Mutations that occur in the Influenza virus contribute to:

5. Exchange of genes between Influenza viruses contribute to:

6. Which is a thymus independent antigen?

7. Which is a mechanism of how tumor evade the immune system:

8. Binding of PD-L1 from the tumor cell to the PD1 receptor on T cell results in:

9. CarT cells are being used as:

10. To produce CarT cells, the original T cells were isolated from other donors.

a.True

b.False

You are working in the ED at Harborview Medical Center. You are seeing a 52-year-old male patient who reports cough, fever, sweating, pleuritic chest pain and general malaise. Your examination reveals a fever of 102F, respiration rate 24bpm, rhonchi and decreased breath sounds, tachycardia with pulse of 116bpm, a tender one-inch mass on his right chest wall near his shoulder and right eye injection with reported pain and normal vision.
Your history indicates that he returned from Hawaii yesterday where he participated in the Ironman competition. He was seen in the ED in Kona, Hawaii two days earlier for similar symptoms that initiated 12 hours prior to that visit. He had an appendectomy and shoulder surgery in the past and reports episodic rashes over the past few months. He is married with adult children and works at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in a molecular genetics laboratory with no patient care responsibilities. List two questions that you would ask the patient. For each, note your rationale (i.e. note why you think that question will help you diagnose this patients disease).

In the E. coli trp operon, what would be the effect of a deletion in the region 2 sequence, which would prevent it from forming stable RNA hairpin structure with either regions 1 or 3?

A) The Trp repressor could not bind to the operator and trp transcription will be high, even in the presence of high tryptophan concentration.
B) Translation of the leader sequence could not be initiated.
C) No effect on trp operon transcription.
D) Transcription of the trp operon could not be initiated.
E) Hairpin 3:4 would form even when tryptophan is low, and this would constitutively attenuate transcription of the Trp operon.

How would you make E.coli bacteria cells produce human insulin for you? More than one answer can be correct

Describe the life cycle of Rhizopus stolonifer. Include the Class it belongs to and the structures found in their sexual and asexual stages. Name the four (include Fungi imperfecti) classes of fungi we dealt with in the laboratory and describe how these fungi are classified. Include the Latin definition for each of the classes named.

1. A researcher is interested in elucidating the function of a gene found in humans and has chosen a mouse model. Of what relevance would comparative genomics, BLAST, and synteny be to the researcher?

2. Spemann Organizer and the primitive knot. What is their relevance and how do they differ?

4.In dancing bears, short fur is dominant to long fur, and curly hair is dominant to straight. The genes for these traits are located on separate autosomes.

You have a large population of dancing bears with the following allele frequencies

Short fur (S) p = 0.5, Long fur (s) q = 0.5

Curly hair (C) p = 0.3, Straight hair (c) q = 0.7

You allow the population to randomly breed for several generations. You have a population of 1000 dancing bears and count 510 with curly hair.

Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this trait based on the starting allele frequencies?

Multiple Choice

a.No, that is not enough with curly hair.

b.No, that is too many with curly hair.

c.Yes.

5.In dancing bears, short fur is dominant to long fur, and curly hair is dominant to straight. The genes for these traits are located on separate autosomes.

You have a large population of dancing bears with the following allele frequencies

Short fur (S) p = 0.5, Long fur (s) q = 0.5

Curly hair (C) p = 0.3, Straight hair (c) q = 0.7

You allow the population to randomly breed for several generations. You have a population of 1000 dancing bears and count 255 with short, curly fur.

Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for these traits based on the starting allele frequencies?

Multiple Choice

a.No, that is not enough with short, curly hair.

b.Yes.

c.No, that is too many with short, curly fur.

6.A species of plant that grows on rock outcrops produces a chemical on its stigmas that prevents pollen germination. After collecting pollen over the course of a day, the chemical wears off and all the pollen grains germinate at once with the fastest growing male fertilizing all or most of the eggs in the ovary.

You conduct an experiment where you mix equal amounts of pollen from three different plants and place it on the stigmas of three separate flowers on six different plants. You count the number of seeds produced by each flower and use genetic tests to determine paternity of the seeds.

You think that the same male plant will fertilize the most seeds on all of the female plants. If so, this is an example of disruptive selection.

Multiple Choice

a.True.

b.False.

Discuss the interaction of heredity and the environment in producing individual traits and provide a specific example.

Explain what is the advantage of the C4 plants(in 250 words)

Describe the parts of the brain neuron including; the axon ; the dendrite ; what are neurotransmitters? ;what are vesicles? ; describe the Synapse ; what is the function of receptors; what is the Action Potential; and explain synaptic reuptake

Which of the following is NOT directly associated with translation?

A) Elongation of the polypeptide

B) Formation of peptide bonds

C) Complementary base pairing between codon and anticodon

D) mRNA synthesis at the ribosome

E) Transfer of amino acids by tRNAs

Imagine if you could tinker with any component of the signal transduction pathway involved in vision in vertebrates. In this problem, you will predict the effect of a change in the activity of a single component of the signal transduction pathway in vision. The rod cell secretes the neurotransmitter glutamate onto the bipolar cell as a function of its membrane potential – the more depolarized, the more it secretes; the more hyperpolarized, the less it secretes. The bipolar cell in this case (ON bipolar) has glutamate receptors that cause closure of cation channels, hyperpolarizing their membrane. They synapse with ON ganglion cells and secrete acetylcholine into the synapse at a rate that increases with increased depolarization of the bipolar cell membrane. The ON ganglions have acetylcholine receptors that are ligand-gated ion channels. The ganglion cell responds by sending a train of action potentials to the brain; the frequency of these action potentials is a function of the amount of acetylcholine that they sense. In your experiment, you will expose the rod cells to a controlled light pulse (same length and intensity every time) and measure the output of the ON ganglion cells to which they are connected. Then you will repeat this in each perturbed system. In each case, predict whether the frequency of action potentials sent out by the ON ganglion in response to light will be HIGHER or LOWER than the unperturbed system.

• You express a version of rhodopsin that stabilizes 11-cis retinal relative to all-trans retinal                              [ Select ]                       ["HIGHER", "LOWER"]      
• You mutate the transducin (G_t) beta subunit such that it has much higher affinity for the transducin (G_t) alpha subunit bound to GTP (G_tα-GTP)                              [ Select ]                       ["HIGHER", "LOWER"]      
• You mutate the inhibitory subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) such that it has lower affinity for the catalytic subunit of PDE.                              [ Select ]                       ["HIGHER", "LOWER"]      
• You add a drug that mimics the effect of cGMP: it binds to the ligand-gated Na⁺/Ca²⁺ channel and opens it. However, this drug is not affected by PDE.                              [ Select ]                       ["HIGHER", "LOWER"]      
• You use CRISPR/Cas9 to delete the gene for rhodopsin kinase.