The Red Queen hypothesis is considered to be a special example of balancing selection. Which kind of balancing selection below do you think that is?

(a) overdominance

(b) spatially or temporally variable selection

(c) negative frequency-dependent selection

Given your answer for above, what would we expect in terms of long-term evolution of genotypes in a snail population? Briefly describe the pattern we would observe across many generations.

1.Name the exocrine glands that belong to mucosal immune system.

2. Give the definition of commensal bacterium.

3. In this list, which belongs to peptide’s group?

a. Histatin b.Phospholipase A c. Lysozyme L d. β-defensin

4. M cells produce the mucus in the gastrointestinal track

True or False

5 .B cells present the antigen to dendritic cells that secrete Igs

True or False

6. α-defensins are secreted by

a. M cells b. Macrophages c.paneth cells d.Intraepithelial cells

7. Name minimum 3 markers express on IELs.

8. In the blood, we find monomer of IgA

True or False

9. Salmonella typhimurium is a commensal bacterium.

True or False

10. Give 5 riks factors for inflammatory bowel disease.

Blue-eyed Mary is a small wildflower whose petals may have one of three colors: blue, pink, or white. Petal color is determined by the action of two independently assorting gene loci:


• Deposit pigment (D/d)

  • D (fully dominant) = deposit pigment in petals
  • d (fully recessive) = do not deposit pigment in petals; petals are white

• Blue pigment (B/b)

  • B (fully dominant) = pigment deposited in petals is blue

  • b (fully recessive) = pigment deposited in petals is pink


A (3). A plant breeder crosses blue-eyed Mary plants with white flowers with other ones that have pink flowers.  All of the many F₁ offspring of this cross have blue flowers. What were the genotypes of the white and pink parents? Please show your work.











B (3). The breeder then crosses two of the blue-flowered F₁ offspring from part A. What are the proportions of blue-, pink-, and white-flowered blue-eyed Mary plants that we should expect to see among the F₂ offspring of this cross? Please show your work.


The disease Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) caused by loss-of-function mutation of a gene called RPE65, has been treated with gene therapy by injecting recombinant AAV vectors containing a normal copy of the RPE65 gene into their retinal epithelial cells. Patients receiving this therapy:

May need to repeat the treatment as the viral DNA is degraded

May acquire detrimental mutations due to integration of the virus

Will pass the mutation to their offspring

Now have the normal RPE65 gene

Pharming refers to the use of transgenic animals and plants to produce a protein drug, such as…

GM plants that have enhanced nutritional value

The production of the blood factor antithrombin III in goat milk

The production of factor VIII protein, the blood-clotting factor, by bacteria.

A transgenic monkey model for Huntington disease

Staphylococcus aureus would have which of the following lab test results:

a) alpha hemolytic, catalase positive, coagulase positive
b) beta hemolytic, catalase positive, coagulase positive

c) beta hemolytic catalase negative, coagulase negative

d) beta hemolytic catalase positive, coagulase negative

How to get cells of plastic dish in staining (flow cytometry)? and how to stain the inside of the cell?

List the various ways that one could test for the presence of a pathogen (not the immune response) in a human clinical sample. (Hint: think about the viral genome and central dogma of molecular biology.) ?

chromosome test

How would you prepare adherence cells (tissue culture) in a flow cytometry?

Cells that accumulate misfolded proteins initiate a stress response that includes reducing protein translation by inhibiting the initiation stage of translation. First explain the three stages of initiation of protein translation in eukaryotic cells. Next explain the mechanism by which translation is inhibited as part of the stress response.

The three stages are 43S preinitiation complex, 48S initiation complex, and 80S initiation complex but I don't know how to explain them and what happens during each stage.

The 3 bacteria below each has different virulence factors/ mechanisms that allow them to counter the immune system. Briefly describe each case.

(1) Stahylococcus aureus

(2) Listeria monocytogenes

(3) Neisseria meningitidis

Complete the following questions. Illustrates the process of DNA transcription, translation, and protein synthesis.

1.    The stages of transcription are initiation, elongation, and termination. Draw a representation of each of these stages . Be sure to include the names of important enzymes and locations.

2.    Once mRNA is created through transcription, it is often processed. Explain how mRNA can be processed. Include the names of important enzymes or structures.

3.    Translation is how mRNA gets used to create the peptide sequence. Draw what is going on inside a ribosome. Be sure to include the locations of mRNA, tRNA, each subunit of the ribosome, and where the amino acid sequence forms.     

write10 to 15 slides with Graphs and diagrams and avoid full slide writing about this topic:

1-Genetic effect of radiation

-Definition of genetic effects
-Difference between genetic and somatic effect
-What are these genetic effects
-Table where you give the effects and the corresponding dose

1. Which of the following are ultimate decomposers?

   		bacteria
   		fungi
   		millipedes
   		Collembolans
   		mites
   		earthworms
   		Only A and B.
   		C, D, E, and F are all reducer decomposers. So are vultures!

2. Which of the following are reducer decomposers?

   		bacteria
   		fungi
   		millipedes
   		Collembolans
   		mites
   		earthworms
   		Only A and B.
   		C, D, E, and F are all reducer decomposers. So are vultures! You want to conduct an experiment on decomposition in the temperate deciduous forest. Which of the following would be usable variables for your experiment? Mesh size in litter bags. Placement of a banana peel into several different biomes. Designing a lab experiment where you drop leaves into hydrochloric and nitric acids. Both A and B. Both B and C. Both A and C.