Write 75- to 100-word paragraph that summarizes the symptoms and pathology of the disease Werner Syndrome? (premature aging). Your paragraph should include the information listed below, as well as other interesting, relevant information.

Information should include:

o What are the characteristic manifestations and complications of the disease?

o What is the mode of inheritance? What is its penetrance and expressivity?

o What is the main type (responsible for the majority of cases) of mutation involved? What gene is mutated?

o By what molecular/cellular mechanisms does this mutation cause the disease? o   Why is your topic important and/or interesting?

Why do the pole cells (the primordial germ cells which give rise to the gametes) form so early in Drosophila melanogaster development?

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been implicated as an environmental trigger to induce autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Outline 3 possible immunological mechanisms to explain the association of this viral infection with those autoimmune diseases.

Geoffrey, a 40-year old sedentary, heavy-smoking white male, suffers from chronic hypertension (on average >140/95 mmHg). He is currently taking antihypertensive monotherapy and aspirin, and frequently complains of a drug-induced dry cough and taste disturbance. His daughter has brought him to the emergency room as he presented with shortness of breath, fatigue, and muscle weakness. After testing, the medical team diagnoses him with heart failure, and start emergency treatment following a standardised pharmacotherapy algorithm, though maintains the use of his antihypertensive treatment. Based on his clinical presentation, i) describe the drug classes (including a relevant example from each) he will be taking for heart failure, and iii) explain how each would physiologically treat his heart failure.

Cladistics & Homology

• What does it mean when we say a cladogram depicts a “hypothesis of genealogical relationships between taxa”?

• What part of the “anatomy” of a cladogram represents a historical speciation event?

• Define synapomorphy and plesiomorphy. How can one character be both?

• What kind of characters are useful in building a cladogram?

• Why are characters found in only one taxon not informative in phylogeny reconstruction?

• What is the difference between a monophyletic, polyphyletic and paraphyletic group?

Which of these ps is/are “accepted” in cladistics?

• Define homology

• Why is homology considered the central concept of comparative biology?

• What is the relationship between synapomorphy, homology, and monophyly?

• What is one similarity and one difference between traditional homology and serial homology?

• What is the term for similarity due to convergent evolution?

• If presented with two taxa that have a similar structure, what evidence would you look for to determine if those structures were homologous?

• Given a cladogram, could you determine which taxa were more closely related?

• Given multiple cladograms, could you determine which depicted equivalent hypotheses of relationships?

• What is the principle of maximum parsimony, and how would you determine which of two cladograms was more parsimonious?

• Why is it incorrect to refer to any living taxon as being primitive? What does “basal” mean in terms of phylogenies?

Discuss the following different types of transmembrane transport: passive diffusion, facilitate diffusion, and active transport. Compare and contrast their respective advantages and disadvantages and provide an example of each.  

5.Consider again the picture you selected in question #3. What’s attached to the 5’ end of this molecule? (BOLD the correct answer)

   A phosphate group    OR    An OH group (which is attached to the ribose sugar)

6.Consider again the picture you selected in question #3. The way it’s drawn on this page, the bottom end of this molecule is considered to be the…(BOLD the correct answer)

            3’ end      OR      5’ end

Dopaminergic neurons are found in the nucleus accumbens (IB word). Why do we need a nucleus accumbens? [1]

What is the ‘secondary messenger’ concept? [1]

Slow receptors can modulate Fast receptors. How? [2]

Opioids bind to opioid receptors on widely distributed pain pathways. Since they themselves are GPCRs they can act at a distance far from the opioid receptor.   What effect do opioids have on the pre- and post-synaptic membranes of neurons in the pain pathways? [4]

1. A woman has recently been dealing with an ear infection and has been prescribed the antibiotic amoxicillin. However, after 3 days into a 10-day regimen, she feels better and opts to stop taking her meds. A few days later, she experiences a Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection. Laboratory testing of a sample of C. difficile from the woman to determine which antibiotic to use shows that the bacteria are mostly resistant to amoxicillin. A sample of the amoxicillin-resistant C. difficile reveals the presence of a unique plasmid in the cells. Using your knowledge of plasmids, discuss what genes and regulatory sites you expect to find on this unique plasmid. For each type of gene or site, describe why you would expect to find it on the plasmid. (2 PTS)

What forces stabilise this structure?

• Describe the structure of the antiparallel and parallel beta pleated sheet.

• In relation to the backbone where are the side chains of the amino acids?

You are studying a bacterium that grows in a particular ecological niche. You cannot culture it in the laboratory, but you can isolate small quantities of cells that microscopic analysis indicates are not contaminated with other bacteria. How will you obtain the ribosomal RNA gene sequence data to study the taxonomy of the bacterium?

•How will you determine the complete genome sequence of the bacterium?

the steps should be:

Step 1: Cloning Step 2: Restriction Mapping Step 3: Gel Electrophoresis Step 4: DNA Sequence Analysis  gel electrophoresis and dna analysis needs to elaborated on.

How do I relate transcription and transfer of energy? Please give me detailed explanation! Thanks

There is a large tree, growing in the middle of the lawn. You notice that there are lots of daisies in the lawn, but none under the tree. Suggest two hypotheses, to explain why there are no daisies under the tree. Choose one of your hypotheses, and make a prediction from it, which can be tested by an experiment. Describe an experiment, which could be done, to find out if the prediction is correct.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiological agent for multiple forms of cancer, including cervical, oropharyngeal, penile and anal cancers. Of these, HPV-mediated cervical cancer is the most common. Primary HPV infection occurs in undifferentiated columnar cells of the cervical basal epithelium, the endocervix. Conversely, virions egress exclusively from terminally differentiated cells comprising the outer layer of the cervical epithelium, the ectocervix. Thus, the virus relies on proliferation and subsequent differentiation of endodermal cells up the cervical epithelial wall for the production of new virions. To ensure this process occurs, HPV encodes two proteins, E6 & E7, to inhibit apoptotic pathways and promote cellular proliferation, respectively. E6 binds to and inactivates p53 while E7 binds to and inactivates retinoblastoma protein. In over 80% of HPV-mediated cervical carcinomas, the viral genome integrates into the host genome. Ultimately, this causes unregulated production of oncoproteins E6 & E7 and cancer arises as a result of this overexpression.

d) What would be the result of p53 inactivation with respect to the cell cycle?

e) P53 not only has a role in the DNA damage response but also in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Explain how p53 can promote activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.

Discuss the forensic opportunities in relation to the analysis and comparison of trace evidence, recovered from crime scenes that can assist the Investigating Officer to detect the crime. Include discussion regarding the factors that may discredit or compromise the evidence. please write about 1000 words