Why is ATP/ADP recycling essential for biological processes in organisms? Show how ADP is converted into ATP within the cells. (Note: Graduate level Biochemistry Course, so please explain using the laws of spontaneity and advanced explanation)

A parental mystery: Mr. and Mrs. Smith have just arrived home with their new baby. As soon as they walk in the door, they get a call from the hospital maternity ward. The nurse who discharged the Smiths is calling to say he is now worried that she sent the wrong baby home with them. They return to the hospital for a battery of blood tests to clear up the confusion. The results are found in the table below:

Help them interpret the results of the blood test. Could baby Emma be their daughter? Why or why not?

Both the blood-type systems are examples of codominance, and sickle-cell anemia (hemoglobin type) is an example of an autosomal recessive trait that also exhibits codominance. Help them interpret the results of the blood test. Could baby Emma be their daughter? Why or why not?

Describe the timeline when the ova completes:

Prophase II

Prophase I

Anaphase I

Metaphase II

Entire Meiosis process

A) David, an undergraduate research assistant in our lab, performed Western Blotting experiment and he used anti- Z protein polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit as a primary antibody. As a secondary antibody, he used anti-mouse HRP labeled antibody. Could you please tell him what is wrong with this experiment?

B) David, an undergraduate intern in our lab, forget to block the blot with BSA and continue to the antibody hybridization steps and finally developed his blot. Could you please describe his blot picture without even looking!

Part 1 - Mendelian Genetics Review

Match the example with the type of inheritance.

A) Complete dominance B) Incomplete dominance C) Codominance

_______Pea shape in garden pea plants: The W gene encodes for an enzyme that synthesizes starch granules in peas. The w gene encodes for a dysfunctional enzyme that will not synthesize the starch granules. The presence of starch granules makes the seeds round, and the absence of the starch granules results in wrinkled seeds. Heterozygotes have only half as many starch granules, yet that is enough to make the seeds round.

_______Piebald (white) spotting in cats: Cats homozygous for the s allele do not have any white spots. Cats with the S allele are completely white. Cats that are heterozygous (Ss) are about 50% white.

________ Sickle-cell anemia in humans: Heterozygotes have one copy of the wild-type hemoglobin and one copy of the mutant hemoglobin. Phenotypically, heterozygotes have about half the number of sickled red blood cells as
homozygotes do.

When you see a wolf in the forest, you will feel afraid and run away. What are 5 examples of neuronal processing and explain what is the role in the detection of the stimuli and the outcomes (also mention the brain region that involves. Explain how the stimuli processed until the outcomes.

Describe the allosteric regulation model for transcription termination and briefly indicate how this model can explain both Rho dependent and Rho independent termination reactions.

In the peppered moth (Biston betularia), black individuals may be either homozygous (A₁A₁) or heterozygous (A₁A₂), whereas pale gray moths are only homozygous (A₂A₂). Suppose that in a sample of 250 moths from one locality, 108 are black and 142 are gray.

b) Assuming that the locus is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what are the allele frequencies? Show your work below:

c) Under this assumption, what proportion of the sample is heterozygous? What is the number of heterozygotes?

(Answer in no more than 400 words) Explain what Additive Genetic Covariance refers to. Explain how Additive Genetic Covariance plays a role in: 1) the evolution of senescence, 2) runaway sexual selection, and 3) a trait evolving in the opposite direction from where selection is pushing it.

Demonstrate how the genome is compacted in eukaryote cells.

1. What is the gram stain classification for each bacteria used:

    Hemophilus Influenzae:

    Staphylococcus aureus:

    Streptococcus pneumonia:

2. What are the gram types of the bacteria each of the antibiotics (penicillin, amoxicillin,

    erythromycin) used in the lab are effective against? If the antibiotic works better against one

    Gram type explain why. (4 points)

    penicillin:

    amoxicillin:

    erythromycin:

A popular variety of coffee, Coffea arabica, is a tetraploid plant with 44 chromosomes per somatic cell. What would be the chromosome number in the following Coffea arabica variants:

a. A diploid variant

b.A nullisomic variant

c. A Robertsonian translocation variant

d. A reciprocal translocation variant

1.

Which of the following is (are) correct regarding a proteome?

Group of answer choices

a. It is the collection of proteins that can be expressed by an organism

b. All of the proteome is expressed by each of the cells in an organism at all times

c. The proteins produced by the cell will be dependent on cell type and environment conditions

d. b) and c)

e. a) and c)

2.

Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true regarding the term alleles:

Group of answer choices

a. Present in two copies in a diploid organism.

b. Represent different forms of a gene for the same trait.

c. The nucleotide sequence in alleles representing the same trait must be identical

d. Both a) and b) are correct

e. All are correct.

3.

Depolarization is _______________

Group of answer choices

a. Going to a larger positive resting potential

b. Going to a larger negative resting potential

c. Makes it easier to open channels

d. a) and c) are correct

e. b) and c) are correct

4.

Metabotropic receptors:

Group of answer choices

a. Are G-protein linked receptors

b. Let the ions through the receptors based on conformation change

c. Transmembrane domain forms ion channels

d. Affect the neurons short term

e. None of the above

QUESTION 7

What is the purpose of gap junctions?

A. To prevent the leakage of extracellular fuid.

B. To provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent plant cells.

C. To fasten cells together.

D. To provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells.

QUESTION 8

During which phase of the cell cycle do homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate?

A. Metaphase III

B. Metaphase I

C. Metaphase

D. Metaphase II

QUESTION 9

Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that contributes to genetics variation?

A. Random pairing of homologous chromosomes

B. Random fertilization

C. Crossing over

D. Independent assortment of chromosomes

QUESTION 10

Generally speaking, how does a proto-oncogene become an oncogene?

A. The proto-oncogene is an inactive precursor protein that is cleaved to form the mature oncogene.

B. The proto-oncogene is phosphorylated, altering the function to that of an oncogene.

C. Proto-oncogenes can never become oncogenes. These are two completely different things.

D. The proto-oncogene is mutated, altering the function to that of an oncogene.

QUESTION 11

During which process are gametes (sperm and egg) produced?

A. Mitosis

B. Budding

C. Binary Fission

D. Meiosis