I. Explain how one signal can promote different responses in different cells. For example, epinephrine causes the heart to beat faster while causing the liver to release glucose.

II. Describe how epinephrine causes liver cells to hydrolyze glycogen including how the signal is received, the molecules involved in transduction, and the cellular response.

What have you learned that has changed your mind about diabetes and diabetes management?

In the absence of oxygen what is one way that cells can “restock” glycolysis with oxidised nucleotides?

One of the consequences of energy production in organisms like animals and plants is carbon dioxide production. At what steps does carbon dioxide production occur?

Question: Write membrane transport mechanism

how is Health coaching going to improve healthy lifestyle behaviors. Why is so important for public health? what are the advantages, disadvantages?

A functional immune system requires primary and secondary lymphoid organs.

a) Briefly describe the immunological processes that occur in primary lymphoid organs. (Marks: 6)

b) Briefly describe the immunological processes that occur in secondary lymphoid organs. (Marks: 6)

What are T cells? How does HIV affect T cells? Why is this detrimental to a person’s health?

What is the difference between an allergy and an autoimmune disease? Give an example of each.

Suppose that gene therapy could be used to lower levels of cholesterol and saturated fat in the blood, thus allowing people to consume fat-rich fried foods with little risk of heart disease. However, this treatment might not work for everyone, and there would be no way of knowing in advance who would benefit. As a result, some people would inevitably die prematurely from heart disease. Should such gene therapy be approved for use in humans? Answer this question by briefly describing how a bioethicist who believes in a utilitarian approach might view this scenario, and contrast this perspective with a deontological viewpoint.

Apply the concept of the “conservation of mass” to metabolism by describing the different forms mass takes as it enters and leaves the cell (e.g. input: reduced molecules like glucose, lipids, proteins, etc. & output: oxidized molecules like CO2, H2O, etc.)

Some people argue that reptiles (i.e. Snakes, crocs, etc.) make great pets. From what you have learned about the nervous systems, scientifically discuss whether their argument is true or not true. Be sure to discuss brain structure and function. You may want to compare nervous systems of more common pets (i.e. dogs, cats, etc.).

Describe and discuss how climate and weather affects the stability of biodiversity and ecosystems. In our recent weather, we have experienced relatively higher amounts of wind than in previous years. Make a hypothesis on how this will affect our regional ecosystem. Make sure you argue for your hypothesis using concepts you learned in this course.

Describe and discuss the differences between eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and Archaea. Give (3) examples of how the three organisms are similar and (3) examples why they are unique.