What would be the result of an experiment if the primers had a melting temperature of 50 degress celcius if they orignally had a melting temperature greater than or equal to 78 degrees celcius?

There are many Firmicutes and Proteobacteria that are associated with food spoilage and foodborne illness. Several methods used to prevent foodborne illness and food spoilage during beer brewing and other food processing are presented.

• List a few species of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria and the issues that they cause that are associated with a) Food spoilage (min. 3 species) and b) foodborne illness (min. 3 species)

• How are these organisms controlled during food processing?

Conversion of pyruvate to glucose by reversal of glycolysis has a ?Go’ of +84 kJ/mol, whereas gluconeogenesis occurs with a ?Go’ of ?38 kJ/mol. Where does the energy come from that drives gluconeogenesis? Show the three enzyme reactions where this energy is consumed.

Write explanatory notes on the importance of the six principles by which
biosynthetic pathways are organized.

Genetics:

Using molecular hybridization:

fully explain the technique and discuss one application of that technique used in scientific research.

Describe the role of metabolic channeling and compartmentation in regulation of
metabolism.

The vertebrate limb bud is an ideal model system for exploring the genetic regulation of development.

(A) In the context of limb development, define the abbreviation "ZPA". What is the major morphogen that is secretes? 2 marks

(B)  (i) What axis is patterned by the ZPA in limb development? Describe ONE experiment demonstrating the function of the ZPA.  4 marks

(ii) In THREE dot points, describe how this morphogen patterns structures in the autopod. 3 marks

C) In FOUR dot points, describe the intracellular signalling pathway that is activated by the main ZPA morphogen.  4 marks

D) A change in this morphogen underlies limb loss in snakes. At the genetic level, what is this change and what is the resulting change to the morphogen?  2 marks

Discuss the different ways in which microorganisms degrade and utilize lipids,
carbohydrates, protein and amino acids.

Which enzyme contains the coenzyme biotin? What is the function of this coenzyme and how is it covalently attached to the enzyme? Show the steps in the mechanism of this enzyme.

What four enzyme activities unique to gluconeogenesis are needed to bypass the three irreversible steps of glycolysis. Draw the reactions catalyzed by these four enzymes.

Briefly describe the microbiology of methanogenesis and outline the impact of the process on the global carbon cycle.

Discuss the structure and function of the electron transport chain and its
significance on energy production.

Do you think there is a stigma associated with mentally ill persons today? Why or why not?

The two major bacterial classes (i.e. Gram-positive and Gram-negative) are known to exhibit different sensitivities to antibiotics – for example, vancomycin and simple penicillins exhibit potent antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria but not against Gram-negative bacteria. Explain why Gram-negative bacteria are less susceptible to many antibiotics, with specific reference to the differences in the cell wall/membrane structure between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.