Question

Can someone make an original rap about Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes? Thanks

Answer 1

Prokaryotes and the eukaryotes:

All the living organisms can be sorted into two groups depending on the fundamental structure of their cells.

These two groups are the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes are organisms made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles.

Eukaryotes are organisms made up of cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus (that holds genetic material as well as membrane-bound organelles.

The most fundamental difference is that eukaryotes do have "true" nuclei containing their DNA, whereas the genetic material in prokaryotes is not membrane-bound.

In eukaryotes, the mitochondria and chloroplasts perform various metabolic processes and are believed to have been derived from endosymbiotic bacteria. In prokaryotes similar processes occur across the cell membrane, endosymbionts are extremely rare.

The cell walls of prokaryotes are generally formed of a different molecule (peptidoglycan) to those of eukaryotes (many eukaryotes do not have a cell wall at all).

Prokaryotes are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in that they contain only a single loop of stable chromosomal DNA stored in an area named the nucleoid, while eukaryoteDNA is found on tightly bound and organised chromosomes. Although some eukaryotes have satellite DNA structures called plasmids, these are generally regarded as a prokaryote feature and many important genes in prokaryotes are stored on plasmids.

Prokaryotes have a larger surface area to volume ratio giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate and consequently a shorter generation time compared to Eukaryotes.

Genes; regarding genes of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in the structure, packing, density, and arrangement of their genes on the chromosome. Prokaryotes have incredibly compact genomes compared to eukaryotes, mostly because prokaryote genes lack introns and large non-coding regions between each gene.

Whereas nearly 95% of the human genome does not code for proteins or RNA or includes a gene promoter, nearly all of the prokaryote genome codes or controls something.

Prokaryote genes are also expressed in groups, known as operons, instead of individually, as in eukaryotes.

In a prokaryote cell, all genes in an operon (three in the case of the famous lac operon) are transcribed on the same piece of RNA and then made into separate proteins, whereas if these genes were native to eukaryotes, they each would have their own promoter and be transcribed on their own strand of mRNA. This lesser degree of control over gene expression contributes to the simplicity of the prokaryotes as compared to the eukaryotes.

	Eukaryotic Cell	Prokaryotic Cell
Nucleus	Present	Absent
Number of chromosomes	More than one	One--but not true chromosome: Plasmids
Cell Type	Usually multi cellular	Usually unicellular (some cyanobacteria may be multicellular)
True Membrane bound Nucleus	Present	Absent
Example	Animals and Plants	Bacteria and Archaea
Genetic Recombination	Meiosis and fusion of gametes	Partial, undirectional transfersDNA
Lysosomes and peroxisomes	Present	Absent
Microtubules	Present	Absent or rare
Endoplasmic reticulum	Present	Absent
Mitochondria	Present	Absent
Cytoskeleton	Present	May be absent
DNA wrapping on proteins.	Eukaryotes wrap their DNA around proteins called histones.	Multiple proteins act together to fold and condense prokaryotic DNA. Folded DNA is then organized into a variety of conformations that are supercoiled and wound around tetramers of the HU protein.
Ribosomes	larger	smaller
Vesicles	Present	Present
Golgi apparatus	Present	Absent
Chloroplasts	Present (in plants)	Absent; chlorophyll scattered in the cytoplasm
Flagella	Microscopic in size; membrane bound; usually arranged as nine doublets surrounding two singlets	Submicroscopic in size, composed of only one fiber
Permeability of Nuclear Membrane	Selective	not present
Plasma membrane with steroid	Yes	Usually no
Cell wall	Only in plant cells and fungi (chemically simpler)	Usually chemically complexed
Vacuoles	Present	Present
Cell size	10-100um	1-10um