Ethanol metabolism starves the cell of NAD+ and increases production of reactive oxygen species. What will be the effect on TCA cycle, PPP, glycogen metabolism, and beta-oxidation?

What is the primary ecological role of fungi, and what are three fungal interactions with humans?

Germline mutations occur in sperm or egg and are heritable, whereas somatic mutations occur in non-germ cells and are not heritable. Imagine that you are working in a laboratory which is studying on tissue/cell specific mutation pattern. You have all the tools (such as cell culture, imaging, sequencing etc.) and materials (such as genomic DNA, tissue and primary fibroblast cells from a human individuals). By using a NGS analysis please set up experiments/pipeline, including which method/algorithm would you use to map your data and call the somatic and germline mutations. You should focus on the question “How can you distinguish between germline and somatic mutations ?” (Please indicate the steps/methods/algorithms only, No need to indicate the details).

Of the human traits listed below, which are likely to be under the control of a polygenic mode of inheritance? (Chose all that apply.)

a.

color blindness

b.

ABO blood type

c.

skin color

d.

intelligence

e.

height

f.

sickle cell anemia

Case Study 3- Hospital exposure to deadly disease: Risk Assessment and Principles of Toxicology

A man who has been traveling throughout Africa documenting the expansion of individual village/ community water wells has been brought into the ER at Chicago. He has noticed a fever for the last two days and wanted to get back home thinking a rest would do him some good. He goes to the ER because of his fever, extensive body aches, chills, and severe stomach pain. He test negative for the flu and blood work is ordered. He tells the Dr now he has had diarrhea as well as vomiting. After being monitored his eyes redden and he is coughing up blood. ID the contaminate and discuss the dose-response assessment of the identified contaminate

Why do Inhibitors of the PDGF receptor work better in “regression models” as opposed to "prevention models"?

Females of genotype AaBbCc were crossed with males of genotype aabbcc.This resulted in 1000 progeny of the following phenotypes:

a) Calculate the distance between genes A and B.

b) Calculate the distance between genes B and C.

c) Calculate the observed frequency of double crossovers.

d) Calculate the expected frequency of double crossovers.

e) Draw the map of these loci.

describe 10 importance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in the context of quality assurance.

1, List one vitamin or mineral that was provided MOSTLY or ONLY by animal-based foods. What was the TOP FOOD SOURCE of that vitamin/mineral.

2, List one vitamin or mineral that was provided MOSTLY or ONLY by plant-based foods. What was the TOP FOOD SOURCE of that vitamin/mineral.

3, Based on your analysis of the nutrients provided by your foods, list one food that was exceptionally nutrient dense (review Chapter 2 if unsure what this means)? Explain and support your answer by showing specific data.

4, Do you think it’s realistic to get 100% RDA for each and every nutrient, every day, with food alone? Explain and expand. How COULD you get complete nutrition from food alone? Does variety matter (why or why not)?

List and explain the functions of three different enzymes that participate in DNA replication.

How does DNA polymerase work to proofread a DNA strand?

Determine which of these four peptides is most likely to become a beta sheet.

Met-Leu-Lys-Ala-Ser-Ala-Leu-Glu-Lys-Leu-Ser-Glu

Ala-Glu-Met-Leu-Gln-Lys-Arg-Gly-Cys-Gly-Asp-Glu

Lys-Thr-Val-Ile-Trp-Pro-Phe-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Ile-Gly

Arg-Ser-Tyr-Glu-Gly-Leu-Lys-Arg-Ile-Ala-Glu-Ser

I would like help with the question but also I would like to know what makes a peptide more likely to form a beta sheet over and alpha helix and vice versa.

Describe the Meselson-Stahl experiment. Include their hypotheses, experimental design, results, and conclusions.

(12 pts) Imagine that you are part of an international medical team. You are investigating a strange virus that has broken out in the US. You have samples of the virus from January when it was first detected and samples taken from patients in May. The virus uses a specific protein to attach to a receptor on lung cells and infect the people. You notice the that the attachment protein in the January samples has a different amino acid sequence than the attachment protein in the May samples. In the 20th position of the primary structure the January sample has serine. In the May sample serine has been replaced by alanine. Early in the outbreak doctors were giving a medicine to people that seemed to decrease the duration of the disease. The same medicine is not working in May. The medicine blocks the attachment protein so it cannot adhere to the lung cell.

1. (2pts) Propose a logical, hypothesis, supported by the evidence provided that states this virus will mutate if exposed to the medicine. Use a major biological theory to help explain you hypothesis. Is this an example of inductive or deductive reasoning? Explain

2. (4pts) Describe a controlled experiment to test your hypothesis. You must Include the number of subjects, and the type of statistic you would use to compare the groups as well as:

   i. Control and experimental variable.
   ii. Independent and dependent variable

3. If the p value for a t-test between the control and experimental group = 0.03 what would you conclude about the experiment. Explain.

4. (2pts) How could exposure to a medicine create a resistant virus? Use a specific theory to support your ideas and describe a step by step process that could result in a resistant virus.

5. (2pts) Provide a logical, chemistry based explanation, the describes potential changes at the molecular level, for why the substitution of alanine for serine in the viral attachment protein could change the effectiveness of the medicine.

6. (2 pts) Which level/s of protein structure does the substitution of alanine for serine affect? Explain

Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal recessive disease, people with the disease have a ss genotype and people without the disease have a SS genotype. People who have the disease get very ill, but people who have only one copy of the recessive gene are actually protected from getting malaria (Ss heterozygote genotype). Which area of the world is the frequency of sickle cell anemia the highest? Why do you think this is true (related to heterozygote advantage)?

We talked about the disease hemophilia in reference to Sally. Based on what we know from the transmission pattern of the disease hemophilia (sex-linked recessive), why do you think it affects males more often than females?