Genetics:

Using molecular hybridization:

fully explain the technique and discuss one application of that technique used in scientific research.

Describe the role of metabolic channeling and compartmentation in regulation of
metabolism.

The vertebrate limb bud is an ideal model system for exploring the genetic regulation of development.

(A) In the context of limb development, define the abbreviation "ZPA". What is the major morphogen that is secretes? 2 marks

(B)  (i) What axis is patterned by the ZPA in limb development? Describe ONE experiment demonstrating the function of the ZPA.  4 marks

(ii) In THREE dot points, describe how this morphogen patterns structures in the autopod. 3 marks

C) In FOUR dot points, describe the intracellular signalling pathway that is activated by the main ZPA morphogen.  4 marks

D) A change in this morphogen underlies limb loss in snakes. At the genetic level, what is this change and what is the resulting change to the morphogen?  2 marks

Discuss the different ways in which microorganisms degrade and utilize lipids,
carbohydrates, protein and amino acids.

Which enzyme contains the coenzyme biotin? What is the function of this coenzyme and how is it covalently attached to the enzyme? Show the steps in the mechanism of this enzyme.

What four enzyme activities unique to gluconeogenesis are needed to bypass the three irreversible steps of glycolysis. Draw the reactions catalyzed by these four enzymes.

Briefly describe the microbiology of methanogenesis and outline the impact of the process on the global carbon cycle.

Discuss the structure and function of the electron transport chain and its
significance on energy production.

Do you think there is a stigma associated with mentally ill persons today? Why or why not?

The two major bacterial classes (i.e. Gram-positive and Gram-negative) are known to exhibit different sensitivities to antibiotics – for example, vancomycin and simple penicillins exhibit potent antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria but not against Gram-negative bacteria. Explain why Gram-negative bacteria are less susceptible to many antibiotics, with specific reference to the differences in the cell wall/membrane structure between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Ethanol metabolism starves the cell of NAD+ and increases production of reactive oxygen species. What will be the effect on TCA cycle, PPP, glycogen metabolism, and beta-oxidation?

What is the primary ecological role of fungi, and what are three fungal interactions with humans?

Germline mutations occur in sperm or egg and are heritable, whereas somatic mutations occur in non-germ cells and are not heritable. Imagine that you are working in a laboratory which is studying on tissue/cell specific mutation pattern. You have all the tools (such as cell culture, imaging, sequencing etc.) and materials (such as genomic DNA, tissue and primary fibroblast cells from a human individuals). By using a NGS analysis please set up experiments/pipeline, including which method/algorithm would you use to map your data and call the somatic and germline mutations. You should focus on the question “How can you distinguish between germline and somatic mutations ?” (Please indicate the steps/methods/algorithms only, No need to indicate the details).

Of the human traits listed below, which are likely to be under the control of a polygenic mode of inheritance? (Chose all that apply.)

a.

color blindness

b.

ABO blood type

c.

skin color

d.

intelligence

e.

height

f.

sickle cell anemia