Give a description of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and how it can be used as a protein “tag” for purification.

1.(a)When a person exercises, one of the physiological responses is an increase in blood flow. In terms of the nervous system and various blood vessels, describe what’s happening.

(b)How did dorsal vessels work in arthropods?

(c)Mollusk hearts compared to fish hearts?

(d)True or false, all vertebrate hearts start off as two chambered hearts in the embryo.

Andrew and James are old friends; they are the same age and used to have near-identical
athletic abilities. After a few years passing, the following has changed in terms of their physical
health:
- Andrew is relatively healthy, but he knocked his arm a few days ago, which is now
bruised, and he is suffering from mild pain when he uses his arm.
- James is starting to experience a loss of Myotubularin function in his body muscles,
which is leading to the disorganisation of T-tubules (transverse tubules).
Between the two, who would fare the worst in a quick round of table tennis? Give reasons for
you stance.(9marks)

Both the husband and wife have normal vision. The wife gives birth to a colour-blind daughter.
Is it more likely that the father is colour blind or has normal vision? What does this lead you
to deduce about the girl’s parents genome?

Describe the external structure of the kidney?
internal structure, draw a diagram of the longitudinal section through the kidney and label the structures ?

A new tumour suppressor gene (Tu015) has been identified which is associated with breast and ovarian cancer. Describe an experimental strategy using genetically modified mice to confirm that Tu015 is a tumour suppressor gene, rather than an oncogene, responsible for breast and ovarian tumours. Please explain briefly.

Compare and contrast the changing of a thermostat to your body’s ability to maintain homeostasis.

Excess food is stored in our body either in the form of carbohydrates (in the muscles and liver) or as fat (adipose tissue). When our body needs additional energy it uses the carbohydrate source first as a source of “quick” energy, then the fat. Why do you think carbohydrates are used as a source of quick energy rather than fat?

The difference between prenatal genetic testing and prenatal genetic screening is that testing is performed when there is a family history of a disorder, and screening is performed on the general population.

True

False

1. Explain how the epidermis and the external morphology of shark, mudpuppy, snake, bird, pig are adapted to the lifestyle of each animal.

2. Trace the path of food from its entrance into the body to its exit from the body for each of the five organisms, indicating all organs that are involved in the digestion of food.

3. Indicate one unique digestinve feature for each organism and indicate its function.

1. Identify one unique feature of the reproductive system for the shark, mudpuppy, snake, bird, and pig, and explain its role in the reproduction for that organism.

2. Describe how the excretory system has evolved across this spectrum of animals.

3. Describe how the brain has evolved across this spectrum of animals.

Vitaceae - detail description of species (plant), including flower, leaf stem, fruit, habitat, etc. Thank you.

Family: Vitaceae Species: Ampelopsis glandulosa Common Name: porcelain berry

Family: Vitaceae Species: Parthenocissus tricuspidata Common Name: Boston ivy

Compare and contrast the immune response of NK cells and cytotoxic T cells during primary infection and subsequent infections. Include a comment on the magnitude, kinetics and mechanism of activation observed