Segmentation first evolved in the organisms of phylum Annelida, and vertebrates evolved more recently. How does the vertebrate body plan display segmentation and what are some associated benefits?

I got this question wrong. Could someone help me understand the correct answer and reasoning.

You are being strangled! Why do you die? Include in your answer a description of the need for O2 for each of the following processes and explain the specific consequences of O2 depletion on each.

-glycolysis

-the citric acid cycle

-the electron transport chain

-fermentation

Male butterflies sometimes court females of other species with similar wing patterns. You are interested in how long males persist in courting the wrong female. You decide to test each male with a dead female, to control for the effect of the female’s behavior. You use three types of test females: one from the same species as the males, one from a different species with a similar wing pattern, and one from a different species with a different wing pattern. Each pair is placed in a cage, and you measure courtship time in seconds.​

#1 Female of same species: 23, 20, 17, 25, 28

#2 Female of different species, similar pattern: 18, 27, 24, 21

#3 Female of different species, different pattern: 22, 21, 23, 20

a. Which statistical test would you use to look for differences?

b. Perform the test. What is your test statistic? Can you reject your null hypothesis?

c. Give a biological reason why your test may have come out the way it did.

Understanding the molecular consequences of CFTR mutations has
significantly contributed to the development of new treatments for
cystic fibrosis.
(a) Discuss how mutations in CFTR lead to cystic fibrosis lung disease
(b) Describe examples of at least three novel treatments that have
been or are being developed to treat cystic fibrosis
(total min 500words)

Changing pH can disrupt biological systems. Which of the following would do you feel would be most affected by a change in the ocean pH: the cellulose in kelp algae, or the digestive enzymes in jellyfish? Explain your answer with logical chemistry-based concepts to support your answer.

What is the difference between double helix, triple helix and quadriplex              structure in in nucleic acid molecules? How are these formed? Which one is most stable and why? Can they contribute in DNA origami where you can make nano structures like cube boxes, etc.

Briefly review the lysosomal storage diseases and discuss the laboratory approach to achieving a diagnosis of a
lysosomal storage disease. Use Pompe disease as an example. (min 500words)

Give an account of the molecular genetic defects that underlie
thalassaemia and sickle cell disease.
What are the resulting clinical features of these conditions?
Describe the current status and future prospects of ONE of the following
genetic-based treatment options for these haemoglobinopathies:
(i) gamma-globin gene reactivation; (ii) gene therapy. (min 500words)

**Please do not write in cursive**

Q: How are the parasitic types of flatworms different in what body organs they have and how they go about reproduction and development compared to free-living (non-parasitic) flatworms?

The “reading frame hypothesis” can explain the difference in
phenotype between Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD
and BMD respectively), diseases which are both caused by mutations
affecting the gene encoding the protein dystrophin. How has our
understanding of the molecular bases of these two diseases led to
development of molecular therapies for DMD using antisense
oligonucleotides to modulate dystrophin RNA splicing, and involving a
mechanism of so-called exon skipping? (min 500words)

6. At which stage(s) of meiosis does the following occur?

1. Replication? ______________________________________

2. Crossing over? ______________________________________

3. Random assortment? ______________________________________

4. Separation of bivalents? ______________________________________

5. Separation of sister chromatids? ______________________________________

6. Transition from diploid to haploid? ______________________________________

List the different classes of antibodies, where they are found and their functions