1. A woman has recently been dealing with an ear infection and has been prescribed the antibiotic amoxicillin. However, after 3 days into a 10-day regimen, she feels better and opts to stop taking her meds. A few days later, she experiences a Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection. Laboratory testing of a sample of C. difficile from the woman to determine which antibiotic to use shows that the bacteria are mostly resistant to amoxicillin. A sample of the amoxicillin-resistant C. difficile reveals the presence of a unique plasmid in the cells. Using your knowledge of plasmids, discuss what genes and regulatory sites you expect to find on this unique plasmid. For each type of gene or site, describe why you would expect to find it on the plasmid. (2 PTS)

What forces stabilise this structure?

• Describe the structure of the antiparallel and parallel beta pleated sheet.

• In relation to the backbone where are the side chains of the amino acids?

You are studying a bacterium that grows in a particular ecological niche. You cannot culture it in the laboratory, but you can isolate small quantities of cells that microscopic analysis indicates are not contaminated with other bacteria. How will you obtain the ribosomal RNA gene sequence data to study the taxonomy of the bacterium?

•How will you determine the complete genome sequence of the bacterium?

the steps should be:

Step 1: Cloning Step 2: Restriction Mapping Step 3: Gel Electrophoresis Step 4: DNA Sequence Analysis  gel electrophoresis and dna analysis needs to elaborated on.

How do I relate transcription and transfer of energy? Please give me detailed explanation! Thanks

There is a large tree, growing in the middle of the lawn. You notice that there are lots of daisies in the lawn, but none under the tree. Suggest two hypotheses, to explain why there are no daisies under the tree. Choose one of your hypotheses, and make a prediction from it, which can be tested by an experiment. Describe an experiment, which could be done, to find out if the prediction is correct.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiological agent for multiple forms of cancer, including cervical, oropharyngeal, penile and anal cancers. Of these, HPV-mediated cervical cancer is the most common. Primary HPV infection occurs in undifferentiated columnar cells of the cervical basal epithelium, the endocervix. Conversely, virions egress exclusively from terminally differentiated cells comprising the outer layer of the cervical epithelium, the ectocervix. Thus, the virus relies on proliferation and subsequent differentiation of endodermal cells up the cervical epithelial wall for the production of new virions. To ensure this process occurs, HPV encodes two proteins, E6 & E7, to inhibit apoptotic pathways and promote cellular proliferation, respectively. E6 binds to and inactivates p53 while E7 binds to and inactivates retinoblastoma protein. In over 80% of HPV-mediated cervical carcinomas, the viral genome integrates into the host genome. Ultimately, this causes unregulated production of oncoproteins E6 & E7 and cancer arises as a result of this overexpression.

d) What would be the result of p53 inactivation with respect to the cell cycle?

e) P53 not only has a role in the DNA damage response but also in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Explain how p53 can promote activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.

Discuss the forensic opportunities in relation to the analysis and comparison of trace evidence, recovered from crime scenes that can assist the Investigating Officer to detect the crime. Include discussion regarding the factors that may discredit or compromise the evidence. please write about 1000 words

Give a description of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and how it can be used as a protein “tag” for purification.

1.(a)When a person exercises, one of the physiological responses is an increase in blood flow. In terms of the nervous system and various blood vessels, describe what’s happening.

(b)How did dorsal vessels work in arthropods?

(c)Mollusk hearts compared to fish hearts?

(d)True or false, all vertebrate hearts start off as two chambered hearts in the embryo.

Andrew and James are old friends; they are the same age and used to have near-identical
athletic abilities. After a few years passing, the following has changed in terms of their physical
health:
- Andrew is relatively healthy, but he knocked his arm a few days ago, which is now
bruised, and he is suffering from mild pain when he uses his arm.
- James is starting to experience a loss of Myotubularin function in his body muscles,
which is leading to the disorganisation of T-tubules (transverse tubules).
Between the two, who would fare the worst in a quick round of table tennis? Give reasons for
you stance.(9marks)

Both the husband and wife have normal vision. The wife gives birth to a colour-blind daughter.
Is it more likely that the father is colour blind or has normal vision? What does this lead you
to deduce about the girl’s parents genome?

Describe the external structure of the kidney?
internal structure, draw a diagram of the longitudinal section through the kidney and label the structures ?

A new tumour suppressor gene (Tu015) has been identified which is associated with breast and ovarian cancer. Describe an experimental strategy using genetically modified mice to confirm that Tu015 is a tumour suppressor gene, rather than an oncogene, responsible for breast and ovarian tumours. Please explain briefly.

Compare and contrast the changing of a thermostat to your body’s ability to maintain homeostasis.

Excess food is stored in our body either in the form of carbohydrates (in the muscles and liver) or as fat (adipose tissue). When our body needs additional energy it uses the carbohydrate source first as a source of “quick” energy, then the fat. Why do you think carbohydrates are used as a source of quick energy rather than fat?